Adrenaline is a highly effective stimulator of cyclic AMP (cAMP) production in microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) – HMEC-1, showing only a moderate activity in macrovascular ECs – HUVEC. In both EC preparations, adrenaline acts via -type receptors. Selective stimulation of adenosine A -type receptors resulted in comparable increases in cAMP formation in ECs lining microand macrovessels. Hypo...

Congenital nystagmus is a condition where the eyes of patients oscillate, mostly horizontally, with frequency between 2 and 10 Hz. Historically, believed to be caused by maladaptation oculomotor system thus considered disease brain stem. However, we have recently shown that congenital associated stationary night blindness synchronously oscillating retinal ganglion cells. In this perspective art...

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE To report a case of congenital retinal macrovessel associated with cystoid macular edema and an ipsilateral intracranial venous malformation. METHODS Case report. RESULTS A 58-year-old woman with decreased vision was found to have a congenital retinal venous macrovessel associated with cystoid macular edema because of tributary venous occlusion. The patient underwent neur...

Retinal vascular anomalies are a heterogeneous group consisting of congenital and acquired lesions. The visual prognosis varies in wide range from asymptomatic to advanced vision loss according the location lesion. Diagnosis is made by fundus examination, fluorescein angiography, optical coherence tomography. It may be associated with systemic diseases require detailed examination. This review ...

Introduction: Retinal arterio-venous malformations (AVMs) are rare, congenital, high-flow congenital developmental vascular anomalies without intervening capillary bed also known as racemose angioma, They unilateral, nonhereditary lesions located anywhere in retina and may involve optic nerve.
 Case report: A 55 year old male was found to have abnormal malformation over nerve head his left...

purpose: to evaluate the clinical features, and functional and anatomical outcomes of surgical intervention for pediatric rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (rrd). methods: in this retrospective case series, pediatric patients with rrd who had undergone surgical intervention were included. cases were categorized into five main etiological groups: congenital or developmental (48 eyes), traumatic ...