Background: The existence of moral challenges resulting from political, social and economic crises is an inevitable issue of any society and government. Challenges are not urgent, they gradually turn into crises, and can ultimately pose a serious threat to the sovereignty. The Qajar government was in such a situation, especially after the Constitutional Revolution. Political crises and its inte...

a response to the problem of irans backwardness preoccupied the minds of intellectual and political forces. since irans failure from russia while different domestic and external factors caused to defeat, differend and even contending views concerning irans backwardness played a key role in these failures. these diverse and contending views which arised at first in compilation of laws and establ...

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the iranians’ understanding of the political concepts posed in mashruteh (constitutional) period is a challenging issue which can help us better study iran’s constitutional revolution and the grounds for its failure. right and law are two modern political concepts which entered into this period as part of people’s claims. the iranians’ image of the said concepts is the basic issue discussed in ...