an explanatory survey was carried out in 2008 to investigate the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation (eo), environmental factors, human capital and organizational characteristics vs. entrepreneurial performance among entrepreneurial firms in iranian agricultural sector. data were obtained from a sample of 120 iranian agricultural establishments, using an interview-oriented question...

The search for contingency approaches to information systems design (ISD) began in the early 1980s when it was recognised that there is no single best methodology for all ISD projects and when there existed heterogeneous methodologies to select from. Twenty years later, there is now in the IS field not one, but three contingency approaches: ‘contingency at the outset’, ‘contingency with a fixed...

We extend a static mixed integer disjunctive (MID) transmission expansion planning model so as to deal with circuit contingency criterion. The model simultaneously represents the network constraints for base case and each selected circuit contingency. The MID approach allows a commercial optimization solver to achieve and prove solution optimality. The proposed approach is applied to a regional...

This paper proposes the use of responsibility modelling as a tool to support the process of contingency planning for civil emergencies. Existing contingency planning techniques produce documents which are difficult to analyse for vulnerabilities, particularly across organisational boundaries and are likely to be largely unused during an actual emergency. This paper presents a new approach to co...

Projects require budgets to set the sponsor’s financial commitment and provide the basis for cost control and measurement of cost performance. A key component of a project budget is cost contingency. This paper reviews the traditional approach of estimating project cost contingency by means of a percentage addition to the base estimate and analyses its many conceptual flaws. Over the past decad...