the index is excellent by the malmquist index as extended to productivity measurement. the index developed here is defined in terms of input cost rather than input quantity distance functions in supply chain. therefore, we propose productivity change is decomposed into overall efficiency and cost technical change. these decompositions provide a clearer situation of the root sources of supply ch...

This paper proposes a comprehensive cost-effectiveness analysis to evaluate environmental policies. While effectiveness is measured as the reduction of different pollutants aggregated to a damage index, all the other effects apart from pollutant reduction are monetarised and expressed as cost. The damage index is based on the ‘Umwelt-BelastungsPunkte’ (UBP)-method (Environmental Impact Points) ...

The index is excellent by the Malmquist index as extended to productivity measurement. The index developed here is defined in terms of input cost rather than input quantity distance functions in supply chain. Therefore, we propose productivity change is decomposed into overall efficiency and cost technical change. These decompositions provide a clearer situation of the root sources of supply ch...

in this study, 10 normal volunteers and 5 sports-trained paraplegics with lesions between t6 and l2 were studied whilst walking with axillary crutches and knee-anlde-foot orthoses. all subjects walked at their preferred speed on a figureof- eight track. normal subjects also walked at slower and faster speeds. oxygen consumption, heart rate and rating of perceived exertion were measured. in norm...

paleolithic lithic assemblages are traditionally described on the bases of presence of a variety of tool types(typology) and of different knapping technologies. in this study we tried to investigate whether the presence ofdifferent groups of scrapers in the mar-tarik site assigned to the middle paleolithic represent specific function orjust different stages of the reduction process and constant...

Background: Socioeconomic indicators are the main factors that affect health outcome. Health price index (HPI) and households living costs (HLC) are affected by economic reform. This study aimed at examining the effect of subsidy targeting plan (STP) on HPI and HLC.    Methods: The social accounting matrix was used to study the direct and indirect effects of STP. We chose 11 health r...

recently, the finished cost reduction policy-as an efficient economic policy for competitiveness of domestic products beside foreign competitors-has been paying attention by ministry of commerce of iran. at the fist look, the protection of intellectual property such as inventions increases the finished cost of products; but intellectual property protection can be effective in finished cost redu...

Abstract —A motion adaptive deinterlacing algorithm is presented in this paper. It consists of the ELA-Median directional interpolation, same-parity 4-field horizontal motion detection, morphological operation for noise reduction and adaptive threshold adjusting. The edges can be sharper when the ELA-Median directional interpolation is adopted. The same-parity 4-field horizontal motion detectio...

Test cost is an important issue in cost-sensitive systems. It is what we pay for obtaining a data item of an object. In some applications, there are some common costs and a cost constraint. The common cost is due to the share of the same resources by several tests. The cost constraint is due to limited money, time, or other resources. Recently, the two issues have been addressed independently i...