Chemistry and hematology laboratories long ago developed policies and procedures for so-called " critical values. " These policies ensured timely verbal communications for pre-defined test results understood to reflect life-threatening therapeutically remediable conditions. The critical values concept has penetrated anatomic pathology but only in specific limited settings, usually when an abnor...

Statistical hypothesis tests are a cornerstone of scientific research. The informative when their size is properly controlled, so the frequency rejecting true null hypotheses (type I error) stays below prespecified nominal level. Publication bias exaggerates test sizes, however. Since scientists can typically only publish results that reject hypothesis, they have incentive to continue conductin...

There is a wide variety of statistical problems (e.g., unit root and cointegration tests) where hypothesis testing involves the use of simulated rather than theoretical critical values. We argue that in practice the number of replications used to simulate critical values is often insufficient to provide the degree of precision that is implied. In particular, the number of replications needed is...

A retrospective evaluation of attitudinal, behavioural and knowledge change among diverse stakeholder groups was conducted in Limpopo Province of South Africa to assess the effectiveness of a series of values clarification (VC) interventions. Telephone and face-to-face interview (193) results revealed that over two-thirds (70.2%) reported behavioural changes and 93.2% reported increased compass...