In this paper, left and two sides tangential filtering decompositions are introduced. The filtering preconditioner constructed by the decomposition is combined with classical ILU(0) preconditioner in multiplicative ways to produce composite preconditioners. Analysis show that the composite preconditioners benefit from each of the preconditioners. On the filtering vector, we reveal that ones is ...

The two sides of envy, destructive and constructive, give rise to qualitatively different equilibria, depending on the economic, institutional, and cultural environment. If investment opportunities are scarce, inequality is high, property rights are poorly protected, and social comparisons are strong, society is likely to be in the “fear equilibrium,” in which better endowed agents restrain the...