STATEMENT OF PROBLEM The optimal method of implant support for a single mandibular molar crown is controversial because commonly used, threaded, root-form implants developed by Branemark were not originally designed to support individual crowns. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to develop a finite element model of a single mandibular first molar crown supported by (1) a standard 3.75-mm-...

Tropical cities can use urban greening designs featuring trees that provide shade and cooling in hot outdoor environments. The cooling effect involves numerous tree characteristics that are not easy to control during planting design, such as the canopy size and the optical properties of leaves. Planting the appropriate tree species dominates the cooling effects and the human thermal environment...

Due to the importance of Acer monspessulanum in Iranian mountain forests, a study was carried out to reliably estimate its woody biomass and growing volume via allometric equations. Four transects, five trees in each were chosen randomly. The characteristics of standing trees including: diameter at root collar, height, number of stems and crown width were measured, then trees were finally cut d...

The mean crown diameters of stand-grown trees 5.0-in. dbh and larger were modeled as a function of stem diameter, live-crown ratio, stund-level basal area, latitude, longitude, elevation, and Hopkins bioclimatic index for 53 tree species in the western United States. Stem diameter was statistically signi@ant in al l models , and a quadrat ic term for s tem diameter was requiredfor some species ...

Ecological restoration of degraded riparian Tugai forests in north-western China is a key driver to combat desertification in this region. Recent restoration efforts attempt to recover the forest along with its most dominant tree species, Populus euphratica. The present research observed the response of natural vegetation using an object based change detection method on QuickBird (2005) and Wor...

Allometric theories suggest that the size and shape of organisms follow universal rules, with a tendency toward quarter-power scaling. In woody plants, however, structure is influenced by branch death and shedding, which leads to decreasing crown ratios, accumulation of heartwood, and stem and branch tapering. This paper examines the impacts on allometric scaling of these aspects, which so far ...

High-resolution airborne laser scanner data offer the possibility to detect and measure individual trees. In this study, an algorithm which estimated position, height, and crown diameter of individual trees was validated with field measurements. Because all the trees in this study were measured on the ground with high accuracy, their positions could be linked with laser measurements, making val...

Just prior to the emergence of the tooth into the oral cavity, a small circular crater forms in the gingival epithelium immediately above the crown. The craters appear to expand in diameter during eruption to accommodate the emerging crown of the tooth. The observations support the concept that the crown of the tooth does not actively push through and rupture the gingival epithelium, but rather...