Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), micromixing modeling, and the population balance equation (PBE) are coupled to simulate the crystal size distribution in a confined impinging jet crystallizer. For the antisolvent crystallization of lovastatin in confined impinging jets, the simulation results show varying degrees of inhomogeneity in the supersaturation and the nucleation and growth rates in ...

A novel continuous heterogeneous crystallization process is developed in which the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is crystallized directly on the surface of an excipient within the crystallizer. The product is subsequently dried and formed into tablets without the need for complex downstream processing steps, such as milling, sieving, granulation, and blending. The aim is to eliminate m...

The separation of enantiomers is of great importance due to their possible differences in therapeutic properties. Preferential crystallization in various configurations of coupled batch crystallizers is used as an attractive means to separate the conglomerate-forming enantiomers from racemic mixtures. However, the productivity of such batch processes can be limited by the nucleation of the coun...

Protein crystals have many important applications in many fields, including pharmaceutics. Being more stable than other formulations, and having a high degree of purity and bioavailability, they are especially promising in the area of drug delivery. In this contribution, the development of a continuously operated tubular crystallizer for the production of protein crystals has been described. Us...

The control of nucleation in crystallization processes is a challenging task due to the often lacking knowledge on the process kinetics. Inflexible (predetermined) control strategies fail to grow the nucleated crystals to the desired quality because of the variability in the process conditions, disturbances, and the stochastic nature of crystal nucleation. Previously, the concept of microwave a...

The transport phenomena in scraped heat exchanger crystallizers are critical for the process performance. Fluid flow and turbulence close to the heat exchanger (HE) surface as generated by stirring elements and scraper blades are crucial in this respect as they aim at avoiding an insulating scale layer on the HE surface. For this reason we performed largeeddy simulations of the turbulent flow (...

The metastable needlelike form of lysozyme can be obtained from continuous crystallization in mixed-suspension mixed-product-removal (MSMPR) crystallizers for conditions at which the stable tetragonal is batch crystallization. A 3D-printed airlift crystallizer and stirred tank are used, both approximate an MSMPR well. influence residence time, precipitant concentration, agitation mechanism on a...

A continuous melt suspension crystallization process has been presented for the purification of the phosphoric acid in this study, which is performed in the cascade of a mixed suspension mixed product removal (MSMPR) crystallizer and a gravity wash column for the subsequent solid-liquid separation. Dynamic behavior in the crystallizer and role of reflux ratio on the purification efficiency of c...

The desired bioavailability and the method of drug administration and delivery can require stringent control on the crystal size distribution. Optimal control strategies are proposed to manufacture crystals with a targeted size distribution by combining controlled seeding by impinging jet crystallization with a batch crystallizer operating at a controlled constant growth rate. The same strategi...

The experimental data concerning growth kinetics of vitamin C (L(+)-ascorbic acid, LAA) crystals in a seeded and cooling batch mass crystallization process realized in a four–compound: L(+)-ascorbic acid–methanol–ethanol–water system are reported. Influences of initial composition of solution and its linear cooling rate on “average, effective” values of crystal linear growth rate were examined....