Over the last six years, highly active catalysts for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates from epoxides and carbon dioxide have been developed. Initial studies showed that bimetallic aluminium(salen) complexes [Al(salen)]2O formed active catalysts and kinetic studies allowed the catalytic cycle to be determined. The catalysts could be immobilized on silica, allowing them to be used in a gas phase...

The sequencing batch reactor (SBR) process is a sequential suspended growth (activated sludge) process in which all major steps occur in the same tank in sequential order (figure 1). There are two major classifications of SBRs: the intermittent flow (IF) or “true batch reactor,” which employs all the steps in figure 1, and the continuous flow (CF) system, which does not follow these steps. Both...

Control of complex nonlinear systems brings challenges in the controller design. One of methods how to cope with this challenge is the usage of advanced optimization methods. This work presents application of self-organizing migrating algorithm (SOMA) in control of the semi-batch reactor. The reactor is used in chromium recycling process in leather industry. Because of the complexity of this se...

A hybrid neural network model based on-line re-optimization control strategy is developed for a batch polymerization reactor. To address the difficulties in batch polymerization reactor modeling, the hybrid neural network model contains a simplified mechanistic model covering material balance assuming perfect temperature control, and recurrent neural networks modeling the residuals of the simpl...

Carbonation of magnesiumand calcium-silicate minerals to form their respective carbonates is one method to sequester carbon dioxide. Process development studies have identified reactor design as a key component affecting both the capital and operating costs of ex-situ mineral sequestration. Results from mineral carbonation studies conducted in a batch autoclave were utilized to design and const...

A short review of batch reactor theory and practice is the subject of this paper. Based on unsteady state mass and energy balances, the mathematical set of equations describing the time-dependent behaviour of a batch or semibatch reactor is reported. The attention is focused on some examples of batch reactor experiences (experimental studies, scale-up techniques, industrial operation and optimi...

Due to slow time variation, variable run length and nonlinearity of sequencing batch reactor (SBR) wastewater treatment batch process, a multivariate statistical MPCA model based on double moving window along the time×variable axis and batch-axis is used for online monitoring the progress of sequencing batch reactor. Moving window MPCA along the time×variable axis can copy seamlessly with varia...

This paper deals with the modelling and control of semi-batch reactor used for chromium sludge regeneration process. A comparison of three process control approaches is presented. Usual PID controller without online identification (OI) and adaptive PID controller were adapted to semi-batch rector process in our previous studies. In this study the two-degrees-of-freedom (2DOF) controller is deve...

A cyclic batch membrane reactor (CBMR) for the production of reduced-antigenicity whey protein hydrolysates with subtilisin at 60 C and pH 8.5, is presented in this paper. The operation of the CBMR comprises three steps, namely, hydrolysis, ultrafiltration and enzyme recycling, which are repeated a number of times. As a case study, a reduction of antigenicity of 1000 times was required. To this...

In this study; variation of effluent BOD5’s (Se) with reaction time (tr) in Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) unit for textile industry wastewater treatment plant and effective parameters on this variation have been researched. Determination of appropriate reaction time (tr) is an important value for design and operation of activated sludge unit. An appropriate kinetic equation for Sequencing Batc...