Polyploidy is known to induce numerous genetic and epigenetic changes but little is known about their physiological bases. In wheat, grain texture is mainly determined by the Hardness (Ha) locus consisting of genes Puroindoline a (Pina) and b (Pinb). These genes are conserved in diploid progenitors but were deleted from the A and B genomes of tetraploid Triticum turgidum (AB). We now report the...

"Soft" and "hard" are the two main market classes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and are distinguished by expression of the Hardness gene. Friabilin, a marker protein for grain softness (Ha), consists of two proteins, puroindoline a and b (pinA and pinB, respectively). We previously demonstrated that a glycine to serine mutation in pinB is linked inseparably to grain hardness. Here, we report ...

Cyclin D1b is one of two proteins translated from cyclin D1 transcripts (isoforms a and b) that are generated due to gene polymorphism. Our previous study has reported low cyclin D1b expression in cervical cancer tissue, with an expression level in moderately or poorly differentiated tissues that was significantly lower than that in well-differentiated tissues. However, the functional role of c...

A total of two major isoforms, cyclin D1a and cyclin D1b, are generated from the human cyclin D1 gene by alternative splicing. Cyclin D1b is scarcely expressed in normal tissues; however, it is expressed at a high frequency in certain types of cancerous tissue. The present authors previously constructed cyclin D1b transgenic (Tg) mice and identified rectal tumors, including adenocarcinoma and s...

Clinical evidence suggests that cyclin D1b, a variant of cyclin D1, is associated with tumor progression and poor outcome. However, the underlying molecular basis was unknown. Here, novel models were created to generate a genetic switch from cyclin D1 to cyclin D1b. Extensive analyses uncovered overlapping but non-redundant functions of cyclin D1b compared to cyclin D1 on developmental phenotyp...

In planta analysis of protein function in a crop plant could lead to improvements in understanding protein structure/function relationships as well as selective agronomic or end product quality improvements. The requirements for successful in planta analysis are a high mutation rate, an efficient screening method, and a trait with high heritability. Two ideal targets for functional analysis are...

Dopamine D1A and D1B receptor subtypes belong to the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors. Both receptors are coupled to the activation of adenylyl cyclase and exhibit distinct brain distribution. To identify functional differences, binding and stimulation of adenylyl cyclase were assessed in 293 cells expressing transiently either dopamine D1A or D1B receptors. Membranes expressing D1B r...

Cyclin D1 is a multifaceted regulator of both transcription and cell-cycle progression that exists in two distinct isoforms, cyclin D1a and D1b. In the prostate, cyclin D1a acts through discrete mechanisms to negatively regulate androgen receptor (AR) activity and thus limit androgen-dependent proliferation. Accordingly, cyclin D1a is rarely overexpressed in prostatic adenocarcinoma and holds l...

Cyclin D1 is a key mediator of cell cycle progression that is aberrantly regulated in multiple cancers, especially in breast cancers. A number of studies have indicated that a polymorphism in a splice donor site in the cyclin D1 gene is associated with alternative splicing and the production of the alternative cyclin D1b transcript. Furthermore, this polymorphism is selectively associated with ...

Grain hardness is an important quality trait that influences product development in wheat. This trait is governed by variation in puroindoline proteins (PINA and PINB). Our study evaluated 551 Indian wheat germplasm lines for diversity in Pina and Pinb genes. Eighty-two lines were shortlisted for full length sequencing and grain hardness studies. Sequencing studies identified six unknown allele...