Abstract The rate of biological invasions is growing unprecedentedly, threatening ecological and socioeconomic systems worldwide. Quantitative understandings invasion temporal trajectories are essential to discern current future economic impacts invaders, then inform management strategies. Here, we examine the trends cumulative costs by developing testing a novel mathematical model with populat...

Cost-effectiveness is the fundamental economic test of any damage control or damage mitigation strategy, and damage assessment is the essential component for determination of cost-effectiveness. However, there are many potential costs associated with making damage assessments. The sampling and measurement required to produce a damage assessment have associated effort and costs, but even greater...

OBJECTIVE To determine the annual direct, indirect and total costs and predictors of costs in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS One hundred and five patients with SLE completed questionnaires on health-care utilization and employment history. Predictors of costs were determined by multiple regression analyses using direct, indirect and total costs as outcome variables....

Many regulations and legal rules are framed in terms of standards of behaviour; regulators and courts are liable to make mistakes in enforcing such standards. For instance, some firms that did not emit more pollutants than the standard may be fined while others that did violate the standard escape unpunished. Similarly, a court may find a defendant in breach of contract when in fact, he had per...

The methodology for evaluating the impacts and damage costs ('external costs') due to pollution from waste treatment is described and the results are presented, based on the ExternE project series of the European Commission. The damage costs of landfill and incineration of municipal solid waste are compared, with due account for energy and materials recovery, as well as possible differences in ...

introduction: road traffic crashes (rtcs) are very common across the world and in iran. the aim of this study was to estimate the economic burden of road traffic accidents in tehran province, iran in 2009. methods: t his was a descriptive, cross-sectional retrospective study. the study population included all deceased and injuries due to rtcs in tehran in 2009. the economic burden of rtc was es...

A model for determining the benefit-cost ratio of controlling damage by vertebrate pests to conifer seedlings requires knowledge of the amount, distribution, and duration of animal damage, reduction in damage associated with control, costs of control, methodology and value of trees at harvesto Because control costs occurring in the present must be compared with savings recovered decades later i...