A model to describe the damage state of materials is developed within the framework of Continuum Damage Mechanics. The damage variable is considered as a random variable. To predict the damage state in a body, knowledge of its intrinsic damage distribution is required. After dividing the body into a number of elementary cells, the intrinsic damage distribution can be determined utilizing statis...

Introduction: In laser surgery, the laser beam can evaporate and cut the tissue like a small surgical knife when the tissue temperature is heated to 100 degrees Celsius. a complete understanding of the distribution of damage in both pathologic tissue and surrounding tissue is necessary. Although the test is the most realistic solution for treating medical problems, for this rea...

Abstract-The paper presents an algorithm for the derivation of damage tensors emphasizing its relationship with the actual and approximate crack density distributions. The proposed model is illustrated using scalar, second and fourth order continuous tensor approximations of some typical two and three dimensional crack distributions. It is also shown that the occurrence of regions with negative...

if several factors are causing the damage, discussion about the damage distribution and the share of each parts is one of the important issue in the law of civil liability. law in the few cases has adopted different approaches, legal doctrine provides different views and the difference is evident in the precedent. this is a controversial issue in the jurisprudence and should be review since the...

Abstract The leading theory of primary radiation damage in materials, by Norgett, Robinson, and Torrens (NRT), assumes that materials are homogeneous. This is inadequate for most engineering which have rich microstructures. lack alternative theories has led to the widespread assumption microstructure only affects defect recombination not production. We extend NRT formalism account microstructur...