Early life stress during fetal development has been hypothesized to predispose several neurological and psychiatric disorders in adulthood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of maternal stress on the volume of granular cells, total number of dark neurons and also the distribution of glycol-conjugates and changes of terminal sugars in the dentate gyrus. Pregnant Sprague-Daw...

Pathological examination of the nervous system is an important component of neurotoxicology, but features of the brain and spinal cord can make this assessment challenging. Among these are the cellular complexity, regional variation of structure and function and multiplicity of reactions to injury of these organs. In addition, there is a propensity for histological artifacts to occur in nervous...

cortical spreading depression (csd) are associated with dramatic failure of brain ion homeostasis, efflux of excitatory amino acids from nerve cells, increased energy metabolism and changes in cerebral blood flow. there is strong clinical and experimental evidence to suggest that csd is involved in the mechanism of migraine, stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage and traumatic brain injury. therefore,...

early life stress during fetal development has been hypothesized to predispose several neurological and psychiatric disorders in adulthood. the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of maternal stress on the volume of granular cells, total number of dark neurons and also the distribution of glycol-conjugates and changes of terminal sugars in the dentate gyrus. pregnant sprague-daw...

The retina is the gateway to the visual system. To understand visual signal processing mechanisms, we investigate retinal neural network functions. Retinal neurons in the network comprise of numerous subtypes. More than 10 subtypes of bipolar cells, ganglion cells, and amacrine cells have been identified by morphological studies. Multiple subtypes of retinal neurons are thought to encode distin...

stimulus that drives the neuron to fire and can be a meaningful way to characterize a neuron's responses. However, by studying the full distribution of stimuli preceding a spike rather than just the average of this distribution , the authors show that quickly varying dynamic stimuli have a more subtle effect on H1, so that there Attending to Contrast are essentially two relevant functions of th...

This study aims to investigate the occurrence and nature of dark neurons in the central nervous system under physiological conditions. Mouse brain tissues were perfusion-fixed with paraformaldehyde or glutaraldehyde at 4 h intervals during one day (3:00, 7:00, 11:00, 15:00, 19:00, 23:00). Paraffin sections were stained with the cationic colloidal iron method, and counterstained with nuclear fas...

The mushroom body (MB) is a higher center of the insect brain and is critical to olfactory and other forms of associative memory. Here, we report that repetitive modular subunits, which we refer to as slabs, are present in the internal matrix of the alpha lobe, a major output neuropil of the MB in the cockroach. The methods employed were osmium-ethyl gallate, Bodian-reduced silver, and Golgi st...

Inhibitory neurons are heterogeneous in the mature brain. It is unclear when and how inhibitory neurons express distinct structural and functional profiles. Using in vivo time-lapse imaging of tectal neuron structure and visually evoked Ca(2+) responses in tadpoles, we found that inhibitory neurons cluster into two groups with opposite valence of plasticity after 4 hr of dark and visual stimula...