In recent years, distributed generation and a large number of sensitive AC and DC loads have been connected to distribution networks, which introduce a series of challenges to distribution network operators (DNOs). In addition, the advantages of DC distribution networks, such as the energy conservation and emission reduction, mean that the voltage source converter based multi-terminal direct cu...

Most of the wind power plants currently installed at North Sea are near to shore connected with the onshore grid through AC cable. AC transmission technology is proven and reliable, but there will be a need to switch from AC to DC transmission since large number of offshore power plants at longer distance to shore are expected to be installed by the end of 2020. Furthermore, to enhance the inte...

---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------Abstract In restructured electricity markets, an effective transmission pricing method is required to address transmission issues and to generate correct economic signals to reduce the generation cost. It is necessary to develop an appropriate pricing schem...

DC-SIGN, a type II membrane-spanning C-type lectin that is expressed on the surface of dendritic cells (DC), captures and promotes human and simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV and SIV) infection of CD4(+) T cells in trans. To better understand the mechanism of DC-SIGN-mediated virus transmission, we generated and functionally evaluated a panel of seven monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against DC-SI...

Financial transmission rights (FTR) auction is an important method for allocating the network transmission capabilities to the market participants who value them most. In this letter, series flexible ac transmission systems (FACTS) devices are modeled as additional power injection at buses in the presented linear optimization problem of FTR auction, which is based on a dc power flow model. The ...

This paper presents a method to control both the dc boost and the ac output voltage of Z-source inverter using neural network controllers. The capacitor voltage of Z-source network has been controlled linearly in order to improve the transient response of the dc boost control of the Z-source inverter. The peak value of the line to line ac output voltage is used to control and keep the ac output...

Voltage Source Converter-High Voltage Direct Current (VSC-HVDC) is the most efficient and reliable method for electrical power transmission over long distances. The greatest challenge with VSC-HVDC system is that short-circuit faults damages the converter valves and the transmission network. The fault clearing time for the available DC breakers are not fast enough and reliable to provide adequa...

The KM3NeT EU-funded consortium, pursuing a cubic kilometre scale neutrino telescope in the Mediterranean Sea, is developing technical solutions for the construction of this challenging project, to be realized several kilometres below the sea level. In this framework a proposed DC/DC power system has been designed, maximizing reliability and minimizing difficulties and expensive underwater acti...

The strategic intent of the African Union is to develop a “Smart Integrated Electric Power Super Grid” driven by modern tools and advances in high-voltage direct current (HVDC) engineering flexible alternating technology systems (FACTS), which central supporting Africa’s sustained economic growth development. southern region, including South Africa, beset critical challenges perennial load-shed...

Dendritic cells (DCs) play a critical role in cell-to-cell-mediated transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Interactions between intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs) and their ligands facilitate DC-T-cell contact. The interaction between ICAM-1 on DCs and leukocyte function-associated molecule 1 (LFA-1) on CD4(+) T cells has been proposed to be important for DC-mediated...