In this paper, we investigate effects of vacancy defects on fracture of carbon nanotubes and carbon nanotube/ aluminum composites. Our studies show that even a one-atom vacancy defect can dramatically reduce the failure stresses and strains of carbon nanotubes. Consequently, nanocomposites, in which vacancy-defected nanotubes are embedded, exhibit different characteristics from those in which p...

Abstract The question of whether a letter is grapheme or not perennial issue in writing research. answer depends on which criteria are used to differentiate between letters and graphemes and, ultimately, how the unit ‘grapheme’ defined. This problem particularly relevant complex graphemes, i.e. sequences that behave like single certain respects. Typical for German ‹ch›. paper argues scalar conc...

This paper focuses on the question whether grapheme frequencies are in a direct relationship to word length. In other words, a possible interrelation between the frequency of graphemes and the length of linguistic units is discussed. Based on different Slovene text types it is shown that the Altmann-Menzerath law is an adequate theoretical explanation for the supposed interrelation between grap...

A grapheme-to-phoneme conversion (G2P) is very important in both speech recognition and synthesis. The existing Indonesian G2P based on pseudo nearest neighbour rule (PNNR) has two drawbacks: the grapheme encoding does not adapt all Indonesian phonemic rules and the PNNR should select a best phoneme from all possible conversions even though they can be filtered by some phonemic rules. In this p...

A proposed sensor for landmines detection consists of two parallel microstrip antennas placed on the same ground plane and with defected ground structure between them has been investigated. The microstrip patch array with defected ground structure has the advantage of a low mutual coupling compared with the classic one. The Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) is used to simulate the sensor for...

In this paper, LDPC Codes based on defected fullerene graphs have been generated. And it is found that the codes generated are fast in encoding and better in terms of error performance on AWGN Channel. Keywords—LDPC Codes, Fullerene Graphs, Defected Fullerene Graphs.

Grapheme-based speech recognition systems are faster to develop but typically do not reach the same level of performance as phoneme-based systems. In this paper we introduce a technique for improving the performance of standard grapheme-based systems. We find that by handling a relatively small number of irregular words through phoneme-to-grapheme (P2G) transliteration – transforming the origin...

Effects of shared book reading on expressive vocabulary and grapheme awareness without letter instruction in German kindergarteners (longitudinal; N = 69, 3;0-4;8 years) were investigated. Expressive vocabulary was measured by using a standardized test; grapheme awareness was measured by asking children to identify one grapheme per trial presented amongst non-letter distractors. Two methods of ...

Machine transliteration is an automatic method to generate characters or words in one alphabetical system for the corresponding characters in another alphabetical system. There has been increasing concern on machine transliteration as an assistant of machine translation and information retrieval. Three machine transliteration models, including “grapheme-based model”, “phonemebased model”, and “...