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The mammalian facial muscles are a subgroup of hyoid muscles (i.e. muscles innervated by cranial nerve VII). They are usually attached to freely movable skin and are responsible for facial expressions. In this study we provide an account of the origin, homologies and evolution of the primate facial muscles, based on dissections of various primate and non-primate taxa and a review of the literat...

UNLABELLED Nasal tip ptosis ("drooping" or long nose) occurs when the tip of the nose is more caudal than what is deemed ideal. Intrinsic factors, such as elongated or caudally-rotated lower lateral cartilages, can lead to nasal tip ptosis. Extrinsic factors, such as elongated upper lateral cartilages or excessive caudal anterior septum and heavy nasal skin, can push the nasal tip caudally and ...

Facial expression is a common mode of visual communication in mammals but especially so in primates. Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) have a well-documented facial expression repertoire that is controlled by the facial/mimetic musculature as in all mammals. However, little is known about the musculature itself and how it compares with those of other primates. Here we present a detailed descript...

BACKGROUND Rhinoplasty remains one of the most challenging operations, as exemplified in the Middle Eastern patient. The ill-defined, droopy tip, wide and high dorsum, and thick skin envelope mandate meticulous attention to preoperative evaluation and efficacious yet safe surgical maneuvers. The authors provide a systematic approach to evaluation and improvement of surgical outcomes in this pat...

OBJECTIVE A cavum between the septi pellucidi may reflect neurodevelopmental anomalies in midline structures of the brain. The authors examined cavum septi pellucidi in subjects with schizophrenia, affective disorder, and schizotypal personality disorder and in normal subjects. METHOD Thirty schizophrenic patients (15 chronic, 15 first-episode), 16 patients with affective disorder (first-epis...

OBJECTIVES The purposes of this study were to construct reference limits for corpus callosum dimensions measured on images reconstructed from 3-dimensional (3D) sonography and to evaluate the reproducibility of these measurements. METHODS Three-dimensional sonographic volumes were acquired transabdominally from an axial view of the head in 361 fetuses cross-sectionally studied at 18 to 32 wee...

Seblak Gaul Septi berdiri pada tahun 2015, bergerak di bidang usaha makanan yang berlokasi Desa Banjar, Kecamatan Weleri, Kabupaten Kendal, Jawa Tengah. Dalam menjalankan kegiatan operasionalnya selalu terdapat transaksi pemesanan. Namun Septi, pencatatan pemesanan menu dan perkiraan penjualan masih menggunakan manual yaitu atas kertas memakan waktu lama, keesokan harinya juga kira-kira. Lapora...

Heavy metal intoxication leads to a number of reabsorptive and secretory defects in renal transport systems. We have studied the effects of several heavy metals on the expression of the renal Na-Si cotransporter NaSi-1. NaSi-1 cRNA was injected into Xenopusoocytes, and Na-Si cotransport activity was measured in the presence of mercury, lead, cadmium, or chromium. Mercury strongly inhibited NaSi...