hazardous chemicals may enter the body by inhalation, ingestion, injection or dermal absorption. these exposure routes constitute the overall exposure burden on the body. most occupational exposure studies have focused on measurement of the concentration of air-borne contaminants and other possible routes of exposure are often overlooked. several studies have already highlighted the importance ...

Photoreception in echinoderms has been studied for several years with a focus on the dermal photoreceptors of echinoids. Even though spatial vision has been proposed for this dermal photosystem, by far the most advanced system is found in a number of asteroids where an unpaired tube foot at the tip of each arm carries a proper eye, also known as the optical cushion. The eyes resemble compound e...

BACKGROUND In resource-limited nations like Nepal, congenital defects, including neural tube defects (NTDs), have great public health impact. NTDs and a few other congenital defects can be prevented by micronutrient supplementation. Without proper research regarding such defects, it is difficult to assess the damage made to health and productivity. This study aims to investigate different conge...

Background Congenital dermal sinus (CDS) is an uncommon form of spinal dysraphism. Although postdelivery identification in the neonate is aided by several associated physical examination findings, establishing this diagnosis prenatally has proven to be elusive. Case Report We present a case of CDS where the prenatal findings at 20 weeks gestation led to the diagnosis, which was confirmed postna...

The embryonic origin of the dermis in vertebrates can be traced back to the dermomyotome of the somites, the lateral plate mesoderm and the neural crest. The dermal precursors directly overlying the neural tube display a unique dense arrangement and are the first to induce skin appendage formation in vertebrate embryos. These dermal precursor cells have been shown to derive from the dorsomedial...

AIMS To prospectively evaluate the reliability and efficacy of a new treatment for the reconstruction of the lacrimal duct using a new histo-engineered material, xenogeneic (bovine) acellular dermal matrix. METHOD Five patients (five eyes) with partial or total absence of the lacrimal duct were included in the study. Four patients (four eyes) suffered from traumatic injuries to the lacrimal d...

objective: objective: dermal papilla and hair epithelial stem cells regulate hair formation and growth cycle. damage to or losing of these cells can cause hair loss. although several studies have claimed to reconstitute hairs using rodent cells in animal model, a stable human hair follicle reconstitution protocol needs more studies. here in this study we evaluated hair induction through injecti...

closure of fascia after transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (tram) flap has usually been performed with direct closure or synthetic material. the dermal autograft was removed from zone iv of flap was an alternative to reinforce fascial closure. the dermal autograft was used in 34 patients after tram harvest for breast, head and neck reconstruction and prolene mesh was used in 42 other ...