biochemical characteristics of α-amylase in the digestive system and head glands of cryptolaemus montrouzieri, a key predator of citrus mealybug, planococcus citri (pseudococcidae), were studied. the major isoform of α-amylase with the same molecular weight was detected in both gut and head glands loaded on polyacrylamide-starch gel electrophoresis. moreover, a minor band with much lower intens...

The digestive system is a way for nutrients from the outside environment to get to various parts of the body. At its simplest, the digestive system is a tube running from the mouth to the anus. This tube is similar to an assembly line, or more properly, a disassembly line. Its chief goal is to break down huge macromolecules (proteins,* fats, and starches) that cannot be absorbed as they are int...

The prevalence of obesity is increasing worldwide and the past decade has witnessed an exponential rise in the number of bariatric operations performed. As a consequence, it is expected that an increasing number of patients are likely to be at risk of long term complications that may not manifest until years or decades later. Several studies have investigated the short and long-term complicatio...

In order to make use of the nutrients stored in feedstuffs, all animals must first break down (digest) feed into a form that can be absorbed by the body. The focus of this chapter is to provide a basic overview of the structures, abilities, and limitations of the sheep’s digestive system. Sheep belong to a group of herbivores called ruminants. Ruminants are able to digest a large portion of the...

The digestive system of any animal is important in converting the food the animal eats into the nutrients its body needs for growth, maintenance, and production (such as egg production). An animal's body breaks down food through both mechanical and chemical means. In many animals, mechanical action involves chewing; however, because birds do not have teeth, their bodies use other mechanical act...

Sturgeon is one of the most important species of the Caspian Sea aquatics. Unfortunately, this species faces the threat of extinction today. This makes specific studies on any type of sturgeons more important than before. Studies like histological studies, radiology, and sonography, all require a complete understanding of the anatomy of this fish. Since pilot studies showed some misconceptions ...

Introduction: Since the 1950s, air travel has grown exponentially. In 2018, the number of international air passengers was estimated at 4.1 billion. Air travel exposes the passenger to a number of constraints (like physical constraints, stress) that can be correlated and lead to an inflight medical event, especially for passengers with chronic conditions or fragile health.<br /...