This paper discusses global area optical transport ring networks using wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technologies and proposes a novel optical add/drop multiplexer (OADM) architecture suitable for such an application field. Study on the requirements of a global area ring application elucidates the appropriate ring/ protection architecture as the path switched bi-directional ring. The p...

SONET technology has made high-speed self-healing ring (SHR) architectures practical and economical for use in intra-LATA telecommunication networks. This paper reviews a class of SONET SHR architectures and their control schemes. The SHR architectures can be divided into two basic classes: bi-directional SHRs (B-SHRs) and uni-directional SHRs (U-SHRs). Bidirectional SHRs using four fibers and ...

The hybridization of PSO for the Optimal Coordination Directional Overcurrent Protection Relays (DOPR) IEEE bus system proposes a new method coordinating directional overcurrent protection relays in power systems. combines hybrid particle swarm optimization (HPSO) algorithm and heuristic to find minimum total operating time with speed accuracy. proposed is tested on 4-bus, 6-bus, 8-bus systems,...

In many group-living animals dominant individuals occupy the center of a group. This is generally thought to reflect a preference for locations, that provide optimal protection against predators. However, in this paper I will show that such spatial-structure also emerges among artificial entities that lack preference for any spatial location. The artificial entities dwell in a homogeneous world...

This paper describes a new, high-speed protection for EHV transmission lines. The presented scheme also performs well on series compensated lines. The High speed distance protection (ZMFPDIS) function is a six zone full scheme protection with three fault loops for phase-to-phase faults and three fault loops for phase-to-earth faults for each of the independent zones, which makes the function su...

This paper describes a new, high-speed protection for EHV transmission lines. The presented scheme also performs well on series compensated lines. The High speed distance protection (ZMFPDIS) function is a six zone full scheme protection with three fault loops for phase-to-phase faults and three fault loops for phase-to-earth faults for each of the independent zones, which makes the function su...

This paper deals with the optimal evaluation algorithms for bi-directional protection coordination in the case where new distributed generations(DG) are operated in distribution systems. It is very difficult and complicated to handle the interconnection issues for proper bidirectional protection coordination in distribution systems interconnected with DG, because professional skills and enormou...

The present <span lang="EN-US">study is focussed on a comparative analysis of different meta-heuristic optimization approaches for directional overcurrent relay (DOCRs) coordination which has been discussed and presented in the literature. Further, to have performance methods they tested power system network sizes. To overcome such issues, this work proposed simplex linear programming tec...

Bi-directional WDM transmission is a technique that allows data to be transmitted simultaneously in both directions of a fiber, with different sets of wavelength channels for each direction. Compared with unidirectional WDM systems, it not only saves the cost of deploying extra fibers, but also allows more flexible bandwidth provisioning. To exploit this flexibility, we investigate path protect...