The purpose of this paper is to extend the ELECTRE method based on intuitionistic fuzzy sets in decision analysis and experimental analysis on the proposed methods’ contradiction rate. We identify different kinds of concordance and discordance sets, e. g. concordance, midrange concordance, weak concordance, discordance, midrange discordance and weak discordance for each ordering at the proposed...

Phenotypic convergence is an exciting outcome of adaptive evolution, occurring when different species find similar solutions to the same problem. Unraveling the molecular basis of convergence provides a way to link genotype to adaptive phenotypes, but can also shed light on the extent to which molecular evolution is repeatable and predictable. Many recent genome-wide studies have uncovered a st...

BACKGROUND A subgroup of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected patients with severe immunodeficiency show persistently low CD4+ cell counts despite sustained viral suppression. It is unclear whether this immuno-virological discordance translates into an increased risk for clinical events. METHODS Data analysis from a large multicenter cohort incorporating 14,433 HIV-1-infected ...

This study was designed to evaluate the degree of placenta share discordance in relation to the betamethasone-induced return of positive end-diastolic flow in monochorionic twin pregnancies with selective intrauterine growth restriction (sIUGR) and abnormal umbilical artery Doppler. Monochorionic twins with sIUGR was defined as one twin having an estimated fetal weight below the 10th percentile...

INTRODUCTION This study investigates patterns of intertwin size discordance in dichorionic diamniotic (DCDA) and monochorionic diamniotic (MCDA) twin pregnancies. MATERIAL AND METHODS Ultrasound measurements of twin pregnancies, from 14 weeks to term, were collected by 9 hospitals over a 10-year period. This analysis considers the modelled and observed levels of discordance in abdominal circu...

Introduction: This study was conducted to evaluate prevalence and risk factors for diagnostic discordance for osteoporosis due to different T-scores of lumbar spine and femoral neck. Methods: In this cross sectional study demographic, anthropometric and risk factors for osteoporosis were derived from a database on 3,039 post-menopausal women who underwent bone densitometry for the first time in...

The relation between recognition of butterfly pictures involving feature changes (additions, deletions, or no change) and discordance to expectation for those pictures was examined. The addition of deletion of features was applied to original butterfly photographs to generate changed pictures. Forty subjects were asked to rate the discordance of these pictures to expected butterflies. Other sub...

Background Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) can replicate independently in extravascular compartments such as the central nervous system, resulting in either cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) discordance (viral load [VL] in CSF 0.5 log10 copies HIV-1 RNA greater than plasma VL) or escape (detection of HIV VL >50 copies/mL in CSF in patients with suppressed plasma VL <50 copies/mL). Both disc...

Objectives: MRI is the most sensitive modality for local staging of breast cancer. Herceptin receptor over-expression seen in 15% - 30% tumours, and associated with increased aggression, poorer prognosis, higher grade at diagnosis lymphatic dissemination. This study aimed evaluating role positive vs negative tumours. Methods: 193 pre-operative MRIs were performed 2021 162 Her-2 37 Recall rates ...

BACKGROUND Liver cirrhosis has been associated with decreased absolute CD4 cell counts but preserved CD4 cell percentage in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative persons. We evaluated factors associated with discordance between the absolute CD4 cell count and the CD4 cell percentage in a cohort of patients coinfected with HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV). METHODS Baseline data from 908 p...