TOPSIS is one of the major techniques in dealing with multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) problems, and Belief Structure (BS) model and Fuzzy BS model have been used successfully for uncertain MCDM with incompleteness, impreciseness or ignorance. In this paper, the TOPSIS method with Fuzzy BS model is proposed to solve Group Belief MCDM problems. Firstly, the Group Belief MCDM problem is s...

Band selection (BS), which selects a subset of original bands that contain the most useful information about objects, is an important technique to reduce the dimensionality of hyperspectral data. Dimensionality reduction before hyperspectral data classification can reduce redundancy information and even improve classification accuracy. We propose BS algorithms based on an ant colony optimizatio...

Abstract. Results for Enhanced UMTS (E-UMTS) cost/revenue optimisation are obtained, as a function of the coverage distance, R. E-UMTS traffic genera-tion and activity models are described and characterised in an urban scenario based on population and service penetration values. By using a System Level Simulator results were obtained for blocking and handover failure probabilities. Models for t...

Waje rehm (Dysmenorrhoea) means painful menstruation. Since ancient times, hijamat bila shurt (Dry cupping) is a method of treatment of for this disease. Therefore, objective of this preliminary study was to evaluate the efficacy of hijamat bila shurt on intensity of pain in waje rehm by using Visual Analogue Scale for pain. It was conducted from May 2009 to July 2010 on 25 patients in National...

A recent Letter [1] presents an experiment of ghost imaging with chaotic light. We definitely disagree with two main claims of the accompanying theory. The first one is ‘‘the explanation in terms of statistical correlation of intensity fluctuations would not give an acceptable interpretation for this experiment.’’ In the experiment of [1] (analogous to the ghost image experiment of [2]), a beam...

We consider distance-based registration (DBR). DBR causes a mobile station (MS) to reregister when the distance between the current base station (BS) and the BS with which it last registered exceeds a distance threshold. The addition of implicit registration to DBR (DBIR) was proposed to improve the performance of DBR, and its performance has also been presented using a continuous-time Markov c...

A Mobile Station (MS)-controlled fast and simple scheme of handover (HO) in Mobile WiMAX network has been described. An MS can roughly estimate its present distance from any neighbouring Base Stations (BS) using the Received Signal Strength (RSS) and an appropriate pathloss formula. From the Mobile Neighbor Advertisement (MOB_NBR-ADV) broadcasts, the MS periodically monitors the RSS of its Serv...

In this paper, we propose an energy efficient cluster based communication protocol for wireless sensor network. Our protocol considers both the residual energy of sensor nodes and the distance of each node from the BS when selecting cluster-head. This protocol can successfully prolong the network’s lifetime by 1) reducing the total energy dissipation on the network and 2) evenly distributing en...

C(4) photosynthesis is a series of anatomical and biochemical modifications to the typical C(3) pathway that increases the productivity of plants in warm, sunny, and dry conditions. Despite its complexity, it evolved more than 62 times independently in flowering plants. However, C(4) origins are absent from most plant lineages and clustered in others, suggesting that some characteristics increa...