the space structure that governs cities has depended on several corresponding relations and various factors which consist of: population, job and activities, transportation patterns, urban sub-structures, various services and etc that always were connected to each other and have formed its space structure. but since these relations are more complicated in big cities, the importance of paying at...

in this article, the set of institutions which embody the form and contents of the economic system of islam is introduced. by institutions, it is meant the economic freedoms, the government, ownership, motivation, the mechanism for coordinating economic activities, power, organization and bureaucracy. after explaining islam’s outlook regarding these institutions, the form and the contents of th...

Governance Institutions and Economic Activity By AVINASH DIXIT The concept of “governance” has risen from obscurity to buzzword status in just three decades. EconLit shows only 5 mentions of the word governance in the 1970s; by the end of 2008, it was mentioned 33,177 times. The much more specific phrase “economic governance” has appeared 192 times; its more popular cousin, “corporate governanc...

We investigate whether the impact of institutions depends not just on their current state but also on how they came to be. In particular, we hypothesize that while economic freedom that emerges spontaneously may be growth promoting, economic freedom that emerges as a result of costly lobbying efforts may be less fruitful. In an extreme case, costly lobbying efforts may even negate the growth-en...

The institutional structure of an economy is modeled as a portfolio. This model predicts that a sample of countries with highly diversi ed institutional structures should have a lower variance of economic growth rates than a sample of countries with homogeneous institutional structures. It also predicts that growth rates over time for individual countries with highly diversi ed institutional st...

This paper studies the effects of contracting institutions on economic development. A model is presented with endogenous incomplete markets, where financial frictions generated by the imperfect enforcement of contracts depend on the future growth of the economy, which determines the costs of being excluded from financial markets after defaulting. As the economy approaches its steady state, fric...

This paper explores the effects of general and agricultural trade openness on economic freedom and alongside with the quality of institutions, on income and poverty. Recent cross-country data for over 200 nations in global regions were used to estimate equations for income, poverty and economic freedom. Economic freedom appears to have positive impacts on income levels, which together with good...