Many national energy policies envisage residual and renewable heat sources with district heating as a component of sustainable energy systems. There is however limited empirical evidence about facilitation of development in the context of liberalised markets and diminished local government control over direct service provision. Recent attempts to stimulate district heating have had variable out...

In Denmark a considerable number of houses are connected to a district heating system. In a district heating system several production units may exist, and for the considered district heating system this is indeed the case. The production cost varies from production unit to production unit – the cheapest is often a waste incinerator plant. The varying consumption of heat means that some units n...

s from the Energy Charter Protocol on Energy Efficiency and Related Environmental Aspects (PEEREA) Article 3 Basic Principles Contracting Parties shall be guided by the following principles: (1) Contracting Parties shall co-operate and, as appropriate, assist each other in developing and implementing energy efficiency policies, laws and regulations. (2) Contracting Parties shall establish energ...

District heating pricing is a core element in reforming the heating market. Existing district heating pricing methods, such as the cost-plus pricing method and the conventional marginal-cost pricing method, cannot simultaneously provide both high efficiency and sufficient investment cost return. To solve this problem, the paper presents a new pricing model, namely Equivalent Marginal Cost Prici...

District heating has been available in Sweden since the 1950s and used more than half of the total energy use in dwelling and no-residential premises in 2013. Energy and exergy efficient conversion and energy resources are key factors to reduce the environmental impact. It is important to understand energy and exergy flows from both the supply and demand sides. The exergy method is also a usefu...

Over the past decades, Stockholm and Sweden have reduced CO2 emissions and increased resource efficiency, while maintaining high and sustainable economic growth. A major part of the recipe for success has been the development of the infrastructure for district heating and cooling. The district heating and cooling networks cover the Greater Stockholm Area. A set of large production plants, where...

1. Biomass 1.1. Photosynthesis and Biomass Yields 1.2. Biomass Properties 1.2.1. Polymeric and Chemical Composition 1.2.2. Fuels Analysis 1.2.3. Physical Properties 1.2.4. Biomass Briquettes and Pellets 2. The Biomass and Bioenergy System 2.1. Biomass is the World’s Fourth Fuel 2.1.1. Individual Country Usage 3. End-use Patterns of Biomass and Bioenergy Use 3.1. Daily Living 3.1.1. Efficiency o...

District heating networks are used worldwide, especially in Scandinavian countries and also in many other countries, e.g. Germany, Russia, United States, South Korea and China. From an environmental point of view, district heating networks are a good alternative to more traditional building heating systems. In 1970th, the third generation of district heating systems was established on the marke...

This thesis presents a set of methodologies and approaches to investigate and determine the extent by which district heating can contribute to improved energy system efficiency and reduced carbon dioxide emissions in future Europe. The main motivation for suggesting largescale implementation of district heating as a structural energy efficiency measure to obtain these objectives originates esse...