the emergence of rationalist and traditionist approaches among moslems was the result of attention to different verses of the holy quran, some denoting reasoning and some denoting devotion. these different approaches to quran led to the formation of mo'tazele and asha'arites schools among the sunnites and osuliyyun (rationalists) and traditionists among the shiites. this difference wa...

Routing based on a connected dominating set is a promising approach, where the search space for a route is reduced to the hosts in the set. A set is dominating if all the hosts in the system are either in the set or neighbors of hosts in the set. In this paper, we first review a distributed formation of a connected dominating set called marking process and dominating-set-based routing. Then we ...

Let G be an undirected graph. An edge of G dominates itself and all edges adjacent to it. A subset E of edges of G is an edge dominating set of G, if every edge of the graph is dominated by some edge of E. We say that E is a perfect edge dominating set of G, if every edge not in E is dominated by exactly one edge of E. The perfect edge dominating problem is to determine a least cardinality perf...

A function f : V (G) → {0, 1, 2} is a Roman dominating function for a graph G = (V,E) if for every vertex v with f(v) = 0, there exists a vertex w ∈ N(v) with f(w) = 2. Emperor Constantine had the requirement that an army or legion could be sent from its home to defend a neighboring location only if there was a second army which would stay and protect the home. Thus, there are two types of armi...

— In this paper, we study the dominating-free set which is defined as follows: k points called servers and n points called clients in the plane are given. For a point p in the plane is said to be dominated by a client c if for every server s, the distance between s and p is greater than the distance between s and c. The dominating-free set is the set of points in the plane which aren't dominate...

Let S be a bipartite semigraph with |NXa(y)| ≥ 1 for every y ∈ Y . A vertex x ∈ X hyper dominates y ∈ Y if y ∈ Na(x) or y ∈ Na(NY a(x)). A subsetD ⊆ X is a hyper dominating set of S if every y ∈ Y is hyper dominated by a vertex ofD. A subsetD ⊆ X is called a minimal hyper dominating set of S if no proper subset of D is a hyper dominating set of S. The minimum cardinality of a minimal hyper domi...

In a graph a vertex is said to dominate itself and all its neighbours. A doubly dominating set of a graph G is a subset of vertices that dominates every vertex of G at least twice. A doubly dominating set is exact if every vertex of G is dominated exactly twice. We prove that the existence of an exact doubly dominating set is an NP-complete problem. We show that if an exact double dominating se...

A k-majority tournament is realized by 2k−1 linear orders on the set of vertices, where a vertex u dominates v if u precedes v in at least k of the orders. Various properties of such tournaments have been studied, among them the problem of finding the size of a smallest dominating set. It is known that 2-majority tournaments are dominated by 3 vertices and that k-majority tournaments are domina...

We introduce a hierarchy of problems between the Dominating Set problem and the Power Dominating Set (PDS) problem called the l-round power dominating set (l-round PDS, for short) problem. For l = 1, this is the Dominating Set problem, and for l ≥ n − 1, this is the PDS problem; here n denotes the number of nodes in the input graph. In PDS the goal is to find a minimum size set of nodes S that ...

A graph G is hereditarily dominated by a class D of connected graphs if each connected induced subgraph of G contains a dominating induced subgraph belonging to D. In this paper we characterize graphs hereditarily dominated by classes of complete bipartite graphs, stars, connected bipartite graphs, and complete k-partite graphs.