The allelic diversity of the DRB locus in major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes was analyzed in the brown bear (Ursus arctos) from the Hokkaido Island of Japan, Siberia, and Kodiak of Alaska. Nineteen alleles of the DRB exon 2 were identified from a total of 38 individuals of U. arctos and were highly polymorphic. Comparisons of non-synonymous and synonymous substitutions in the antigen-...

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a crucial component of the vertebrate immune system and shows extremely high levels of genetic polymorphism. The extraordinary genetic variation is thought to be ancient polymorphisms maintained by balancing selection. However, introgression from related species was recently proposed as an additional mechanism. Here we provide evidence for introgres...

The distributed recovery block (DRB) scheme is a widely applicable approach for realizing both hardware and software fault tolerance in real-time distributed and parallel computer systems. One of the most important extensions of the DRB scheme which were outlined in recent years but not developed fully is the integration of the DRB scheme and a network surveillance (NS) scheme. We recently deve...

The bottlenecks in enhancing regional green development are resource shortages, environmental pollution, and ecological degradation. Taking the Dongliao River Basin (DRB) of Jilin Province as an example, this study explored from a multidimensional perspective. Based on dimension evaluation results REECC (resources, environment, carrying capacity), PLES (production–living–ecological space), ER (...

The DRB region of the human and great-ape major histocompatibility complex displays not only gene but also haplotype polymorphism. The number of genes in the human DRB region can vary from one to four, and even greater variability exists among the DRB haplotypes of chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans. Accumulating evidence indicates that, like gene polymorphism, part of the haplotype polymorp...

Simultaneous Multithreading, often abbreviated SMT, is a technique for improving the overall efficiency of superscalar processors with hardware multithreading. SMT permits a processor to concurrently execute multiple independent instruction streams every clock cycle, potentially improving processor throughput. However, this can introduce contention for shared resources amongst threads running c...

The composition, in vitro bioaccessibility and antioxidant activities of the phenolic compounds in defatted rice bran (DRB) and its soluble and insoluble dietary fibres were systematically evaluated in this study. The total phenolic content of insoluble dietary fibre from DRB (IDFDRB) was much higher than that of the soluble dietary fibre from DRB (SDFDRB) but was 10% lower than that of DRB. Bo...

This paper presents a fault-tolerant and adaptive multicasting method that employs a modified distributed recovery block (DRB) approach. The section of a distributed system spanning between the source and destination nodes is partitioned into series of overlapping DRB groups on the multicasting paths. Each DRB group consists of three nodes: a current node and two successor nodes. The source nod...

DRB is a classic inhibitor of transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II (pol II). Since DRB generally affects class II genes, factors involved in this process must play fundamental roles in pol II elongation. Recently, two elongation factors essential for DRB action were identified, namely DSIF and P-TEFb. Here we describe the identification and purification from HeLa nuclear extract of a t...

This paper describes a fault-tolerant wormhole routing technique that incorporates a variation of distributed recovery block (DRB) approach. The section of a parallel system that spans between the source and destination nodes is dynamically partitioned into overlapping DRB groups. A DRB group consists of a current node, a primary and an alternate successor node. The message packets travel towar...