N Engl J Med 2003;349:975-86. Copyright © 2003 Massachusetts Medical Society. rug addiction is a chronic, relapsing disorder in which compulsive drug-seeking and drug-taking behavior persists despite serious negative consequences. Addictive substances induce pleasant states (euphoria in the initiation phase) or relieve distress. Continued use induces adaptive changes in the central nervous syst...

Psychogenic dependence is the common denominator of all drug habits and the primary drive which leads to initiation and relapse to chronic drug use or abuse (25). Although a pharmacologic drive is necessary it does not need to be a strong one or to produce profound subjective effects in order that habituation to the use of the crude material becomes a pattern of life. Besides tobacco, the use o...

in the 1960s, discovery of pleasure system (defined as reward system) in the brain that may underlie drug reward and addiction encouraged many scientists to investigate the mechanisms by which drug abuse affects central nervous system function. in this regard, investigators developed several drugs targeting the brain reward system for drug dependence therapy. however, no positive results obtain...

due to special conditions of iran; i.e., neighboring to major centers of drug production in afghanistan during the last few decades, it was the passageway of the drug to europe. moreover, because of appropriate context of social, economic and cultural situations, there was an increased addiction and drug trafficking in iran. it is obvious that a lot of people would be involved directly and indi...

aims: drug addiction is a mental, social, and economic problem that comes from abnormal and illicit consumption of substances such as alcohol, opium, hashish, and etc., making the addict psychologically and physiologically dependent to those substances. this study was designed and performed to evaluate the pattern of drug abuse change in the addicts visiting addiction treatment centers of kasha...

OBJECTIVE Public attitudes about drug addiction and mental illness were compared. METHODS A Web-based national survey (N=709) was conducted to compare attitudes about stigma, discrimination, treatment effectiveness, and policy support in regard to drug addiction and mental illness. RESULTS Respondents held significantly more negative views toward persons with drug addiction. More respondent...

background drug addiction, obsessive compulsive disorders (ocd), and other anxiety disorders are the disorders most commonly found in patients with bipolar disorder. objectives the purpose of this study was to identify the factors affecting the risk of drug addiction, obsessive compulsive disorders, and other anxiety disorders in patients with bipolar disorder. patients and methods in this retr...