Twelve metronidazole-resistant and twelve metronidazole-susceptible strains of Trichomonas vaginalis were tested for the presence of dsRNA. Three resistant and five susceptible strains were found to contain dsRNA which indicated that metronidazole resistance does not correlate with the absence of dsRNA. Electron microscopy showed the homogenates of all dsRNA-positive strains to contain virus-li...

Vertebrates mount a strong innate immune response against viruses, largely by activating the interferon system. Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), a common intermediate formed during the life cycle of many viruses, is a potent trigger of this response. In contrast, no general inducible antiviral defense mechanism has been reported in any invertebrate. Here we show that dsRNA induces antiviral protect...

dsRNA is an important pathogen-associated molecular pattern that is primarily recognized by cytosolic pattern-recognition receptors of the innate-immune system during virus infection. This recognition results in the activation of inflammasome-associated caspase-1 and apoptosis of infected cells. In this study, we used high-throughput proteomics to identify secretome, the global pattern of secre...

Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viruses conceal their genome from the host to avoid triggering unfavorable cellular responses. The crystal structure of the core of one such virus, bluetongue virus, reveals an outer surface festooned with dsRNA. This may represent a deliberate strategy to sequester dsRNA released from damaged particles to prevent host cell shutoff.

Abstract Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-induced interference is a promising agricultural technology for crop protection against various pathogens. Recent advances in this field have enhanced the overall efficiency with which approach inhibits pathogenic viruses. Our previous study verified that treatment of Nicotiana benthamiana plants dsRNAs targeting helper component-proteinase ( HC-Pro ) and nu...

A dsRNA molecule of 3.4 kbp was extracted from two great rhododendron samples from Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Sequencing of this molecule suggests that it represents the genome of an undescribed virus, for which the provisional name rhododendron virus A (RhVA) is proposed. In phylogenetic analyses, this virus clustered together with southern tomato virus and related viruses, forming a...

Virus-induced secretion of proinflammatory chemokines (e.g., regulated on activation, normal T cells expressed and secreted [RANTES], interleukin [IL]-8) by airway epithelial cells helps to initiate antiviral responses and airway inflammation by enhancing inflammatory cell recruitment. To define mechanisms for virus-induced chemokine secretion, monolayers of nontransformed bronchial epithelial ...

Recognition of virus presence via RIG-I (retinoic acid inducible gene I) and/or MDA5 (melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5) initiates a signaling cascade that culminates in transcription of innate response genes such as those encoding the alpha/beta interferon (IFN-alpha/beta) cytokines. It is generally assumed that MDA5 is activated by long molecules of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) pro...

A new member of the genus Deltapartitivirus was identified containing three dsRNAs with an estimated size of 1.71, 1.49 and 1.43 kb. The dsRNAs were extracted from symptomless pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh] plants cv. Erra Kandulu. This new virus with 4.64 kb genome was tentatively named Arhar cryptic virus-1 (ArCV-1). The genomic RNAs were amplified and characterized by sequence ind...

The OV20.0 virulence factor of orf virus antagonizes host antiviral responses. One mechanism through which it functions is by inhibiting activation the dsRNA-activated protein kinase R (PKR) sequestering dsRNA and physically interacting with PKR. Sequence alignment indicated that several key residues critical for binding were conserved in OV20.0, their contribution to OV20.O function was invest...