The behavior of the solid Earth system is often overlooked when the causes of major Neoproteozoic (1000–542 Ma) climate and biosphere events are discussed although ∼20% of the present continental crust formed or was remobilized during this time. Processes responsible for forming and deforming the continental crust during Neoproterozoic time were similar to those of the modern Earth and took pla...

The Earth is composed of layers of different composition and physical properties, principally the solid central core, the fluid peripheral core, the viscous mantle, and the solid lithosphere. The lithosphere is comprised of the upper mantle and the crust, the outer shell of the Earth. There are two types of lithosphere, according to the crust resting on the solid mantle lithosphere (lithospheri...

One of the fundamental geophysical observations made of the Earth is the stratified nature of the continental crust, in which the lower crust comprises denser, more mafic material and the upper crust comprises less dense, more felsic material. This chemically differentiated layered structure is developed and maintained by partial melting at depth and the ascent of magma to shallower crustal lev...

We estimate terrestrial antineutrino and neutrino fluxes according to different models of Earth composition. We find large variations, corresponding to uncertainties on the estimated U , T h and K abundances in the mantle. Information on the mantle composition can be derived from antineutrino flux measurements after subtracting the crust contribution. This requires a good description of the cru...

We estimate terrestrial antineutrino and neutrino fluxes according to different models of Earth composition. We find large variations, corresponding to uncertainties on the estimated U , T h and K abundances in the mantle. Information on the mantle composition can be derived from antineutrino flux measurements after subtracting the crust contribution. This requires a good description of the cru...

The Gutenberg-Richter power law distribution for energy released at earthquakes can be understood as a consequence of the earth crust being in a self-organized critical state. A simple cellular automaton stick-slip type model yields D(E) • E -• with r = 1.0 and r = 1.35 in two and three dimensions, respectively. The size of earthquakes is unpredictable since the evolution of an earthquake depen...

a Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA b Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada c Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA d Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK e Center for Applied Energy Research and Department of Earth & Environm...