Electron optics was born in 1927, when Hans Busch showed that the elementary lens equation is applicable to electron image formation. Interest was soon awakened in France and a book on the subject by Louis de Broglie appeared in 1950. We draw attention to the highlights of electron optics and microscopy over the decades, with particular reference to aberration correction, and to some little kno...

Singularities in wave fields, such as phase vortices, are of substantial interest for light optics, matter waves and x-ray optics. New theoretical insights [1] and cutting edge nanofabrication techniques have recently created a wide variety of electron vortex beams [2, 3] for the transmission electron microscope (TEM), which can provide spectroscopic information pertaining to the magnetic prope...

Holography--originally developed for correcting spherical aberration in transmission electron microscopes--is now used in a wide range of disciplines that involve the propagation of waves, including light optics, electron microscopy, acoustics and seismology. In electron microscopy, the two primary modes of holography are Gabor's original in-line setup and an off-axis approach that was develope...

We are indebted to Drs. ABSTRACT. In view of mis-statements made in the literature, the origin of the refractive index in electron optics is discussed in some detail, and the uniqueness of an expression previously given IS demonstrated. On this basis, some general properties of electron optics are investigated. Whereas the refractive index is unique in terms of the magnetio vector potential A, ...