bhw = half width of the line broadening, Å Eabs = integrated absorption energy,W=cm Eabs;p = absorption energy per particle, W Eemis = integrated emission energy,W=cm Eemis;p = emission energy per particle, W Eray = energy of a ray, photon bundle, W Fnum = Number of particles represented by a simulated particle i = cell index in the x direction j = cell index in the r direction k = line index k...

Possibility and advantages of use of a single crystal diamond (HPHT and CVD) as highly effective secondary emitter are shown in this paper. The maximum secondary electron emission (SEE) coefficient about 14 at working accelerating voltage is received (several times exceeds SE coefficient of used materials, such as silicon), lack of dependence on diamond type is shown, dependence on current of p...

The apparatus described allows the measurement of the secondary emission coefficient and the secondary electron energy distribution from nonconducting surfaces.

A micro-plasma device is used as a gas sensor. The micro-plasma device produces dc discharges with a parallel-plane electrode configuration. In this paper the breakdown voltage is measured for argon with tin oxide electrodes, for three different electrode distances (0.01 cm, 0.025 cm and 0.05 cm) and for pressure between 1.3 kPa and 13.3 kPa. The effective secondary electron emission coefficien...

In this paper, we investigate an inverse problem for the radiative transfer equation that is coupled with a heat in nonscattering medium $\mathbb{R}^n, n\geq 2$. The two equations are through nonlinear blackbody emission term proportional to fourth power of temperature. By measuring radiation intensity on surface blackbody, prove property system can be uniquely reconstructed. particular, design...

The energy sector in Poland is the source of 81% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Poland, among other European Union countries, occupies a leading position with regard to coal consumption. Polish energy sector actively participates in efforts to reduce GHG emissions to the atmosphere, through a gradual decrease of the share of coal in the fuel mix and development of renewable energy sources. ...

UNLABELLED It is common, even with new SPECT/CT systems, that the transmission data are truncated. This paper develops a method that obtains exact attenuation correction with truncated transmission data. The emission object (e.g., the heart) is assumed to have a finite, convex support, whose emission projections are not truncated. The transmission measurements over the support are available, bu...

We report on the effect of femtosecond-laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) on the tribological properties of stainless steel. Uniform periodic nanostructures were produced on AISI 304L (American Iron and Steel Institute steel grade) steel surfaces using an 800-nm femtosecond laser. The spatial periods of LIPSS measured by field emission scanning electron microscopy ranged from 530...