Although chronic HBV infection is the leading cause of chronic liver disease and death worldwide, there are substantial differences in its clinical courses regarding prevalence, mode of transmission, characteristics of each phase, responses to antiviral therapy, and development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, according to geographical areas (Asia versus Western Europe and North Ameri...

To assess the endemicity of tick-borne pathogens in New Hampshire, we surveyed adult tick vectors. Pathogens were more prevalent in areas of high tick density, suggesting a correlation between tick establishment and pathogen endemicity. Infection rates in ticks correlated with disease frequency in humans.

BACKGROUND Podoconiosis is one of the major causes of lymphoedema in the tropics. Nonetheless, currently there are no endemicity classifications or elimination targets to monitor the effects of interventions. This study aimed at establishing case definitions and indicators that can be used to assess endemicity, elimination and clinical outcomes of podoconiosis. METHODS This paper describes th...

BACKGROUND Co-morbidity with conditions such as fever, diarrhoea and pneumonia is a common phenomenon in tropical Africa. However, little is known about geographical overlaps in these illnesses. Spatial modelling may improve our understanding of the epidemiology of the diseases for efficient and cost-effective control. METHODS This study assessed subdistrict-specific spatial associations of t...

BACKGROUND Current understanding of the spatial epidemiology and geographical distribution of Plasmodium vivax is far less developed than that for P. falciparum, representing a barrier to rational strategies for control and elimination. Here we present the first systematic effort to map the global endemicity of this hitherto neglected parasite. METHODOLOGY AND FINDINGS We first updated to the...

Introduction: Hepatitis A is caused by a virus of the family Picornaviridae, genus Hepatovirus. It fecal-oral disease that can cause jaundice, nausea, abdominal pain, fever, dark urine, among other symptoms. In Portugal vaccine not part National Vaccination System, however it advised to all individuals who travel endemic areas. Currently endemicity region classified when 50% population, specifi...

Neutralizing antibody titers of 252 random serum samples from different age groups were determined by the microplate method. The results showed marked differences in the grade and pattern of dissemination among the serotypes. Echo-22 (Group I) showed extremely high endemicity with an infection rate higher than 50% among infants within the first year of life. Cox B-1, 3, and 4 and Echo-9, 11, 14...

BACKGROUND This study aimed to identify the transmission pattern of hepatitis A (HA) infection based on a primary dataset from the Brazilian National Hepatitis Survey in a pre-vaccination context. The national survey conducted in urban areas disclosed two epidemiological scenarios with low and intermediate HA endemicity. METHODS A catalytic model of HA transmission was built based on a nation...

iran contains 33 named endemic fish species, which together with undescribed taxa, approximates one-third of the ichthyofauna. endemism in relatively large species such as fishes, which are better known systematically than other taxa, can often serve to indicate areas in need conservation. an analysis of endemicity is given in terms of systematics, distribution and ecology.

the largest global outbreaks of liver fluke disease (fascioliasis) in humans, caused by species of the genus fasciola, have occurred in guilan province of iran, affecting more than 15000 people. although, different aspects of fascioliasis have been the subject of various researches during last two decades, nevertheless no community-based study has been performed in endemic regions of guilan. th...