Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are exogenous that interfere with hormones action, thereby increasing the risk of adverse health outcomes, including cancer, reproductive impairment, cognitive deficits and obesity. A complex literature mechanistic studies provides evidence on hazards EDC exposure, yet there is no widely accepted systematic method to integrate these data help identify hazar...

Prospective clinical studies have suggested that the rate of congenital cryptorchidism has increased since the 1950s. It has been hypothesized that this may be related to environmental factors. Testicular descent occurs in two phases controlled by Leydig cell-derived hormones insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3) and testosterone. Disorders in fetal androgen production/action or suppression of Insl3 a...

This review describes the most recent data on the eff ects of endocrine disrupting compounds on reproductive tract development, as well as controversies in the fi eld. One of the most frequent conditions aff ected by endocrine disrupting compounds is cryptorchidism. Recent reports regarding the cause of this disorder continue to increase our understanding of this common and important problem. E...