Enteral nutrition has, at long last, found its place in the modulation of disease. Because of its importance in terms of both anabolic and catabolic processes, today's clinician must have a working knowledge of the types of enteral formulations, their delivery and the therapeutic considerations (particularly concomitant medications) that impact on the safety and efficacy of enteral nutrition. T...

A blended diet for enteral nutrition is defined as home-made everyday food blended to a smooth 'single cream' consistency. At present, blended food is not recommended as a first choice. However, the wishes of parents who prefer to use blended food for their child need to be respected, and hospice policy for Children's Hospice South West is to replicate home conditions as far as possible. Theref...

In surgical patients, malnutrition is an important risk factor for post-operative complications. In undernourished patients undergoing major gastrointestinal procedures, preoperative enteral nutrition (EN) should be preferred whenever feasible. It may be given either orally or by feeding tubes, depending on patient compliance. Early oral intake after surgery should be encouraged, but if an insu...

Introduction: The incidence of malnutrition in hospitalized patients is reported to be high. In particular, patients with esophageal cancer are prone to malnutrition, due to preoperative digestive system dysfunctions and short-term non-oral feeding postoperatively. Selection of an appropriate method for feeding in the postoperative period is important in these patients.   Materials and Methods:...

1. Current State of Aquaculture and Environment 2. Aquaculture Water Constituents 3. Waste Water Discharge Guidelines for Aquaculture 4. Introduction to Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) 5. Recirculating Aquaculture System Applications 6. Primary Clarification – Suspended Solids removal 7. Bacterial Processes 7.1 Nitrification 7.1.1 Nitrition 7.1.2 Nitration 7.2 Denitrification 8. Filtrat...

Nutrition is integral to the care of individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF). Better nutritional status is associated with improved pulmonary function. In some individuals with CF, enteral tube feeding can be useful in achieving optimal nutritional status. Current nutrition guidelines do not include detailed recommendations for enteral tube feeding. The Cystic Fibrosis Foundation convened an expe...

BACKGROUND The micronutrient content in standard enteral mixtures should be closer to the dietary reference values for a healthy population since standard enteral diets are formulated for subjects with no special nutritional needs. This study compares the micronutrient content of the most common enteral nutrition (EN) formulas with European dietary reference values (DRVs) for healthy population...

Mechanically ventilated critically ill patients treated in the intensive care unit (ICU) require enteral feedings to maintain adequate nutrition during critical illness. Delivery of adequate enteral nutrition is also critical to the recovery of critically ill patients. Enteral nutrition has been shown to decrease length of time on the ventilator, decrease length of stay and ICU and decrease mor...

Enteral nutrition in critically ill patients has been widely debated. Some of the questions include optimal time to begin enteral feeding, gastric versus small-bowel tube placement, and what markers should be used to measure intolerance to enteral nutrition. Although some of these questions are yet to be answered, more evidence has become available since the 1990s to guide practice. For critica...

congenital chylothorax is an uncommon cause of respiratory distress and a life-threatening condition in newborns. it is identified by abnormal accumulation of chyle in the pleural space. herein, we report a male infant who was born by a successful vaginal delivery. after the first three days of life, he had feeding difficulties and cyanotic episodes during breastfeeding. on admission, physical ...