Are states constrained by international law? Recent studies suggest that the legal regime of the World Trade Organization (WTO), in particular, has no independent effect on members’ trade policies. We argue, in contrast, that the WTO’s “rule of law” is likely to deter protectionist practices against other members, including those lacking the ability to retaliate. The WTO accomplishes this by cl...

ARPA Puglia (Italy), the Regional Agency for Environmental Prevention and Protection, has chosen to use Scientific Diving Operator figure (ESD) in order meet some of environmental monitoring activities foreseen by European Directives, such as WFD-Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC MSFD-Marine Strategy 2008/56/EC. Regarding obligations aforementioned many them involve underwater operations. Fo...

Ecological research and conservation practice frequently raise difficult and varied ethical questions for scientific investigators and managers, including duties to public welfare, nonhuman individuals (i.e., animals and plants), populations, and ecosystems. The field of environmental ethics has contributed much to the understanding of general duties and values to nature, but it has not develop...

One of the most controversial areas of modern tort law is that of the duty of landowners toward people who visit their land. The common law divided land visitors into three types: invitees, licensees, and trespassers. The highest duty of care was owed to the invitee and the lowest to the trespasser. The distinctions led courts to hand down harsh decisions and to draw formal lines between the ca...

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the duties of regional healthcare workers (Behvarzes) regarding healthcare of pupils in the rural areas of Iran. METHOD This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in 2007-2008 on 384 pupils and their school managers in the rural areas of Sharbabak in Kerman, Iran. The research population was evaluated with separate questionnaires for the managers and the pupi...