BACKGROUND Viruses interact with and exploit the host cellular machinery for their multiplication and propagation. The MEK/ERK signaling pathway positively regulates replication of many RNA viruses. However, whether and how this signaling pathway affects hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication and production is not well understood. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, we took advantage of two well-...

in biotechnology has been concentrated to review alternative routes for the production of natural compounds. plant cell culture systems are viable alternatives for the production of secondary metabolites that are of commercial importance in food and pharmaceutical industries. however, relatively very few cultures synthesize these compounds over extended periods in amounts comparable to those fo...

Abstract Chronic stress is an important factor to several physical and mental diseases. Ishige foliacea , edible brown seaweed, has various biological properties; however, its role in alleviating stress-induced depression remains unclear. Thus, the antidepressant-like effects of I. ethanolic extract (IE) were investigated using corticosterone (CORT)-treated HT22 cells CORT-induced depressive mi...

The effectiveness of targeted therapies against the Ras-ERK signaling pathway are limited due to adaptive resistance of tumor cells. Inhibition of the Ras-ERK pathway can result in activation of the PI3K-AKT pathway, thereby diminishing the therapeutic effects of targeting ERK signaling. Here we investigated the crosstalk between the Ras-ERK and PI3K-AKT pathways in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cel...

The oncogenic protein ERK, a member of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) cascade, is a well characterized signaling molecule involved in tumorigenesis. The ERK signaling pathway is activated in a large proportion of cancers and plays a critical role in tumor development. Functional regulation by phosphorylation of kinases in the ERK pathway has been extensively studied, however me...

It has become clear in recent years that multiple signal transduction pathways are employed upon GPCR activation. One of the major cellular effectors activated by GPCRs is extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Both G-protein and β-arrestin mediated signaling pathways can lead to ERK activation. However, depending on activation pathway, the subcellular destination of activated ERK1/2 may ...

punica granatum (pg), commonly known as pomegranate (pg), is a member of the monogeneric family, punicaceae, and is mainly found in iran which is considered to be its primary centre of origin. pg and its chemical components possess various pharmacological and toxicological properties including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory (by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines), anti-cancer and anti-angiog...

Background Poor and fragmentary data was available regarding the effects of recombinant-LH (r-LH) in in-vitro granulosa and theca cells of human origin. No data was available from in vivo studies regarding the effects of r-LH supplementation on SCF,EGF,ERK-1/2 and AKT-1 pathways in the follicular fluid of older-poor-responder women undergoing IVF cycle. Evidence from in-vitro and animal studies...

background: the wnt/β- the wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is involved in many developmental processes in both fetal and adult life; its abnormalities can lead to disorders including several types of cancers and malfunction of specific cells and tissues in both animals and humans. its role in reproductive processes has been proven. objective: this study was designed to evaluate the expression o...