one of the ways to be informed on the extent of activities in various industries is to measure the rate of nominal protection. this paper tries to calculate the nominal and effective protection in order to examine the exchange rate unification impacts on the protection of pulp and paper industries with the aim of performing the exchange rate unification policy. therefore, nominal protection rat...

• U.S. real exchange rate fluctuations are not primarily driven by oil market shocks. We quantify the effect of exogenous shocks on price oil. causal interest price. find support for standard model commodity determination. Some implications this robust to allowing additional channels. There has been much in relationship between crude oil, value dollar, and since 1980s. For example, sustained su...

Catalyzed by the work of Meese and Rogoff (1983), a large literature has documented the inability of empirical models to accurately forecast exchange rates out-of-sample. This paper extends the literature by introducing an empirical strategy that endogenously builds forecast models from a broad set of conventional exchange rate signals. The method is extremely flexible, allowing for potentially...