in nigeria, most farming activities rely on family labor. however, rural-urban drift and the movement of young people away from agriculture are making labor increasingly pause. thus, labor has become a major constraint to expanding the scope of production by small-scale resource poor farmers. this paper provides an empirical relationship between labor and poverty using data from households. thr...

It is hypothesized that labor availability and related low levels of demand for women in agricultural work explain the high incidence of nuclear family formation in some Caribbean slave societies, as well as occasional high birth rates. Three paired comparisons, reflecting differing levels of labor supply, are examined: The Leewards and the Bahamas; Martinique and Barbados; and Cuba and Jamaica...

Using firm-, industry-, and country-level data, we document a link between family ownership and labor relations. Across countries, we find that family ownership is relatively more prevalent in countries in which labor relations are difficult, consistent with firm-level evidence suggesting that family firms are particularly effective at coping with difficult labor relations. Our cross-country re...

Firm-level evidence suggests that family firms are more apt to honor implicit labor contracts than are widely held firms, making family firms especially successful at winning workers’ loyalty–a trait that is reflected in fewer strikes and lower unionization rates. Accordingly, we might expect to see more family ownership in countries in which labor relations, for cultural or historical reasons,...