Abstract This chapter introduces negative externalities, i.e., costs incurred by a third party without the polluter having to pay compensation, and exemplifies them external of transport in Switzerland. Next, compares various policy instruments state can use address market failures dealing with externalities. Finally, role financial system is discussed, which counteract current failure connecti...

financial derivatives are new instruments through which hedging, investment and arbitrage are done in a modern economy. although the word 'derivative'primarily reminds us of options and futures, the major focus of the equity derivatives industry worldwide is on index derivatives. launching index options and index futures in tehran stock exchange, not only increases financial market de...

In recent years, people have begun to pay more and more attention to the effect of news on financial instrument markets (i.e., the markets for trading financial instruments). Researchers in the financial domain have conducted many studies demonstrating the effect of different types of news on trade activities in financial instrument markets such as volatility in trade price, trade volume, tradi...

Why are new financial instruments created? Why are they needed and what purpose do they serve? This paper proposes the view that financial development arises as a response to the contractual needs of emerging technologies. Exogenous technological progress generates a demand for new financial instruments in order to share risk or overcome private information, for example. A model of the dynamics...