What are the conditions for fixing the reference of a proper name? Debate on this point has recently been rekindled by Scott Soames, Robin Jeshion, and others. In this paper, I sketch a new pragmatic approach to the justification of reference-fixing procedures, in opposition to accounts that insist on an invariant set of conditions for fixing reference across environments and linguistic communi...

Abstract Context Tangled commits are changes to software that address multiple concerns at once. For researchers interested in bugs, tangled mean they actually study not only but also other irrelevant for the of bugs. Objective We want improve our understanding prevalence tangling and types within bug fixing commits. Methods use a crowd sourcing approach manual labeling validate which contribut...

We apply Dirac’s gauge fixing procedure to (2+1)-gravity with vanishing cosmological constant. For general gauge fixing conditions based on two point particles, this yields explicit expressions for the Dirac bracket. We explain how gauge fixing is related to the introduction of an observer into the theory and show that the Dirac bracket is determined by a classical dynamical r-matrix. Its two d...

L. Fejes Tóth [1] introduced the notion of fixing system for a compact, convex body M ⊂ Rn. Such a system F ⊂ bd M stabilizes M with respect to translations. In particular, every minimal fixing system F is primitive, i.e., no proper subset of F is a fixing system. In [2] lower and upper bounds for cardinalities of mimimal fixing systems are indicated. Here we give an improved lower bound and sh...

The fixing number of a graph G is the cardinality of a smallest set of vertices of G that is not fixed by any non-trivial automorphism of G. In this paper we investigate the fixing number of finite graphs with abelian automorphism group.

We propose a generalisation of the Faddeev-Popov trick for Yang-Mills fields in the Landau gauge. The gauge-fixing is achieved as a genuine change of variables. In particular the Jacobian that appears is the modulus of the standard Faddeev-Popov determinant. We give a path integral representation of this in terms of auxiliary bosonic and Grassman fields extended beyond the usual set for standar...

Let (Φ,M) be an effective smooth action of (Z2) k on an n-dimensional smooth closed connected manifold having a finite fixed set. One can associate to this action a regular graph of valency n. If the action is nonbounding one uses this graph to obtain a lower bound for the number of fixed points. Furthermore, this result is applied to a general nonbounding (Z2) -action fixing a finite fixed set...

In this article, a model of life insurance holding is formulated. It takes into account the liquidation values and liquidity of estate assets and the ability of life insurance death benefits to bypass the probate process. Tobit regressions based on the model are run using the U.S. Survey of Consumer Finances 1989 data set. The results showed net worth (fixing net liquid assets and annuity wealt...

Measurement of the distribution of the photosynthesis product in the symbiotic association of a legume, a mycorrhizal fungus, and nitrogen-fixing bacteria showed that the fungus incorporated 1 percent of the photosynthesis product and respired 3 percent. The nodules of a 5-week-old plant utilized 7 to 12 percent of the photosynthesis product. The legume compensated in partfor the needs of its m...

We show that a given set of first class constraints becomes abelian if one maps each constraint to the surface of other constraints. There is no assumption that first class constraints satisfy a closed algebra. The explicit form of the projection map is obtained at least for irreducible first class constraints. Using this map we give a method to obtain gauge fixing conditions such that the set ...