The aim of this study was to separate, purify, and identify Salmonella paratyphi A flagellin, and to prepare its antisera. Primary flagellin was isolated from S. paratyphi A using the acid lysis method. The flagellin was purified with weak anion exchange chromatography and the protein was identified with sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), Western blot, and neg...

Flagellin is a potent immunogen that activates the innate immune system via TLR5 and Naip5/6, and generates strong T and B cell responses. The adaptor protein MyD88 is critical for signaling by TLR5, as well as IL-1Rs and IL-18Rs, major downstream mediators of the Naip5/6 Nlrc4-inflammasome. In this study, we define roles of known flagellin receptors and MyD88 in Ab responses generated toward f...

Bacillus sp. PS3 produces a glycosylated flagellin. In this study, a number of the glycosylated residues of the flagellin protein were found to be located in the central variable region of this protein. We also report that the motility defect of the Bacillus subtilis flagellin mutant was complemented by Bacillus sp. PS3 flagellin variants without glycosylation, which contained amino acid substi...

results cloning and subcloning of the flic gene were confirmed by colony pcr, restriction enzymes digestion and dna sequencing of the recombinant plasmids pprime-flic and pvax-flic. the expression of flagellin protein in eukaryotic cells was approved by immunofluorescence assay (ifa), western blotting analysis and the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) method. conclusions t...

Bacteria release flagellin that elicits innate responses via Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5). Here, we investigated the fate of apically administrated full length flagellin from virulent and avirulent bacteria, along with truncated recombinant flagellin proteins in intestinal epithelial cells and cellular responses. Flagellin was internalized by intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) monolayers of IEC-18...

The phytopathogenic bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum requires motility for full virulence, and its flagellin is a candidate pathogen-associated molecular pattern that may elicit plant defenses. Boiled extracts from R. solanacearum contained a strong elicitor of defense-associated responses. However, R. solanacearum flagellin is not this elicitor, because extracts from wild-type bacteria and fli...

The building blocks of bacterial flagella, flagellin monomers, are potent stimulators of host innate immune systems. Recognition of flagellin monomers occurs by flagellin-specific pattern-recognition receptors, such as Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) in mammals and flagellin-sensitive 2 (FLS2) in plants. Activation of these immune systems via flagellin leads eventually to elimination of the bacteri...

Bacterial swimming is mediated by rotation of a filament that is assembled via polymerization of flagellin monomers after secretion via a dedicated flagellar Type III secretion system. Several bacteria decorate their flagellin with sialic acid related sugars that is essential for motility. Aeromonas caviae is a model organism for this process as it contains a genetically simple glycosylation sy...

Flagellin is a bacterial protein responsible for activation of Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5), which we hypothesize is involved in Salmonella's induction of cytoprotective heat shock proteins in intestinal epithelial cells. Flagellin induces the cytoprotective heat shock protein Hsp25 in different intestinal epithelial cell lines and in mouse intestine. Flagellin induces Hsp25 expression in a time...

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a flagellated bacterium and one of the leading causes of gastroenteritis in humans. Bacterial flagellin is required for motility and also a prime target of the innate immune system. Innate immune recognition of flagellin is mediated by at least two independent pathways, TLR5 and Naip5-Naip6/NlrC4/Caspase-1. The functional significance of each of the tw...