Background: The use of natural compounds in relieving pain has been commonplace since ancient times and their is currently increasing. Objectives: Given that analgesic anti-inflammatory effects Kombucha have not studied, this study was designed to examine these vitro. Methods: In experimental study, rats were divided into four groups. control group received normal saline i.p the same amount dru...

The effects of the tricyclic antidepressants desipramine HCI and chlorimipramine HCI on buprenorphine HCI antinociceptive activity were studied in mice using the hot-plate and the tail-flick methods. In the hot-plate test, desipramine caused a transient antinociceptive effect at low doses, but it decreased buprenorphine analgesia. Chlorimipramine in this test caused a more sustained antinocicep...

backround and aim: in the present time, analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs such as nonseroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioid compounds are used for the releif of pain, but due to their side effects and economical issues, the significance of research on finding analgesic drugs with less side effects and their ability to substitute these synthetic drugs and substituting newer analgesic co...

OBJECTIVE To determine the utility of the flick maneuver (flicking motion of hands and wrists when most symptomatic) in the clinical evaluation of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). DESIGN Review of standardized data collection on 142 subjects referred for electrodiagnostic evaluation of possible CTS at a university hospital electrodiagnostic clinic. Subjects were first clinically evaluated with t...

introduction: sex differences are observed in the development of tolerance to antinociceptive effect of opioid drugs such as morphine, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. critical role of glutamate in the development and maintenance of opioid tolerance has been reported by many investigators. there are also evidences about interaction between gonadal hormones and neuromodulatory syste...

introduction: nucleus cuneiformis (ncf), as part of descending pain inhibitory system, cooperates with periaqueductal gray (pag) and rostral ventromedial medulla (rvm) in supraspinal modulation of pain. cannabinoids have analgesic effects in the pag, rvm and ncf. the transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1(trpv1) can be activated by anandamide and win55,212-2 as a cannabinoid receptor ago...

BACKGROUND The combination of two analgesic agents offers advantages in pain treatment. Codeine and morphine analgesia is due to activation of opioid receptor subtypes. METHODS This study, performed in mice using isobolographic analysis, evaluated the type of interaction in intraperitoneal (ip) or intrathecal (it) coadministration of codeine and morphine, in three nociceptive behavioral model...

The antinociceptive effects of MDMA and morphine were examined in rats using the tail-flick and hot-plate analgesiometric tests. MDMA, in the dose range of 1.5-6.0 mg/kg IP, produced a dose-dependent elevation in hot-plate latency, but did not elevate tail-flick latency. In contrast, morphine (2-8 mg/kg, IP) produced analgesia on both the tail-flick and hot-plate tests in a dose-dependent manne...

Background: Opioids like morphine produce side effects ranging from nausea and vomiting, pruritus, over sedation, dizziness and urinary retention to respiratory depression. Particularly, on chronic administration, it leads to development of tolerance. Combining opioids with certain other drugs (adjuvant analgesics) like ketamine, which is an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, not ...

Introduction: Uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) in the inner mitochondrial membrane changes the activity of KATP channels and the cell excitability, probably by decreasing the ATP production. Given the expression of UCP2 in primary afferent neurons, and the importance of these channels in morphine-induced analgesia, genipin, an UCP2 inhibitor, may affect these processes, when administrated intratheca...