The main purpose of the study reported in this paper was to examine the interrelationships between L2 risk-taking, English learning motivation, L2 speaking anxiety, linguistic confidence, and low-proficiency English as a foreign language (EFL) learners’ speaking complexity, accuracy, and fluency (CAF). A secondary purpose was to test whether task repetition can influence the level of the mentio...

The study aimed to achieve three objectives: 1) identify the Multiple Intelligences (MI) perceived by Heilongjiang International University (HIU) students, 2) develop and implement a task-based English speaking course with MI features, 3) evaluate extent developed contributes improvement of HIU students’ abilities based on complexity, accuracy, fluency (CAF) components. was carried out 30 exper...

Researchers have extensively compared different L2 learning contexts, such as EFL versus study-abroad, for their impacts on oral production; however, scant attention, if any, has been paid to comparing EFL settings in terms of input factors such as textbooks, amount of contacts in L2, and teachers. Accordingly, the effects of these factors on the oral production skills were investigated in this...

Previous studies have explored the roles of metacognitive instruction and collaborative writing, separately, in English writing. Little attention has been paid to students’ writing complexity, accuracy, fluency (CAF). The present study aims bridge this gap through investigating integrated performances based on linguistic features CAF. focus was four groups: a collaborative-writing setting (n = ...

The literature of ELT is perhaps overwhelmed by attempts to enhance learners’ writing through the application of different methodologies. One such methodology is critical discourse analysis which is founded upon stressing not only the decoding of the propositional meaning of a text but also its ideological assumptions. Accordingly, this study was an attempt to investigate the impact of critical...

Many English as a foreign language (EFL) learners worldwide spend hours playing commercial-off-the-shelf massively multiplayer online games. They engage in multitude of different interactions with the game environment and possibly other gamers, using predominant medium communication. This raises question whether such games improves these learners’/gamers’ speaking performance over time. Drawing...

This study examined the effects of cognitive task complexity increase on the complexity, accuracy, and fluency (CAF) as well as the temporal distribution of the cognitive and metacognitive processes involved in computer-mediated L2 written production. To this end, the study employed a between-subjects experimental design with 85 EFL learners from a language learning institute in Iran. Participa...

It is unknown whether and to what extent cognitive individual differences may play different roles in paper versus computer-based second language (L2) writing. This exploratory study a first attempt explore this issue, focusing on the effects of working memory aptitude quality L2 writing performance. Forty-two Spanish learners English performed problem-solving task either digitally or paper, to...