A model of kinetic effects in Langmuir wave dynamics is presented using a nonlinear distribution function that includes particle separatrix crossing and self-consistent electrostatic evolution. This model is based on the adiabatic motion of electrons in the wave to describe Bernstein–Greene– Kruskal-like Langmuir waves over a wide range of temperatures 0.1 k D 0.4 . The asymptotic distribution ...

The Zarshuran Carlin-like gold deposit is located at the Takab Metallogenic belt in the northern part of the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone, NW Iran. The high-grade ore bodies are mainly hosted by black shale and cream to gray massive limestone along the NNE-trending extensional fault/fracture zones. The aim of this investigation was to determine and separate the gold mineralized stages based on the surf...

Fractals are ubiquitous in nature and they are also useful in many modern applications because they are able to incorporate multiple length scales within the same material. However, the bottom-up construction of fractals has been difficult because the physico-chemical principles that underpin the fractal formation have remained elusive. Here, an experimental model setup was used to investigate ...

Two-point correlation function of galaxy distribution shows that the structure in the present Universe is scale-free up to a certain scale (at least several tens Mpc), which suggests that a fractal structure may exist. If small primordial density fluctuations have a fractal structure, the present fractal-like nonlinear structure below the horizon scale could be naturally explained. We analyze a...

The paper applies fractal theory to the structure of coal pores and calculates dimension integrated for each pore section >100 nm, 100 nm > d 5.25 <2 nm. In experiment, we performed full stress–strain-seepage experiment methane-bearing coal, revealed deformation–seepage characteristics under load, deduced dynamic prediction mechanical model permeability based on heterogeneity, followed...

We defend Langmuir-like models of microarrays from accusations by Li et al (2010 Phys. Biol. 7 048001) that they fail to link sequence-specific properties to hybridization signals. We argue that existing Langmuir-like models based on accepted principles of physical chemistry, together with a model of post-hybridization washing, are entirely consistent with various controlled experiments. Li et ...