In an arid country like Kuwait with harsh and hot climate conditions, the scarcity of fresh water supplies presents a serious threat to sustainable socio-economic development and growth. Kuwait is an oil rich country with capital abundance and coastal locations enabled it to build desalination plants for fresh water production that is sold to the customers at highly subsidized prices. However, ...

Fundulus kansae (Cyprinidae) is widely distributed in the western parts of the Mississipi basin. Although a continental form the fish is a powerful osmo-regulator. It can survive in the laboratory in solutions containing as little as 0-2 mM/1 of sodium and oi mM/1 of calcium up to concentrations as high as 250% normal sea water, and some individuals can survive in 300% sea water. The fish can s...

The use of ion-exchange membranes to concentrate sea water and to produce fresh water from brine has been investigated for about one quarter-century and has now achieved the practical stage. The entire domestic supply of table salt in Japan is produced by electrodialysis. Many positive results on production of fresh water from brine have been attained in the U.S., the Mediterranean regions and ...

We show that a reduction in vertical mixing applied inside the Atlantic basin can drastically increase North Antlantic Deep Water (NADW) stability with respect to fresh water perturbations applied to the North Atlantic. This is contrary to the notion that the stability of the ocean’s thermohaline circulation simply scales with vertical mixing rates. An Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) revers...

Humans create vast quantities of wastewater through inefficiencies and poor management of water systems. The wasting of water poses sustainability challenges, depletes energy reserves, and undermines human water security and ecosystem health. Here we review emerging approaches for reusing wastewater and minimizing its generation. These complementary options make the most of scarce freshwater re...