Liquid transportation fuels derived from coal and natural gas could helpthe United States reduce its dependence on petroleum. The fuels could be produced domestically or imported from fossil fuel-rich countries. The goal of this paper is to determine the life-cycle GHG emissions of coal- and natural gas-based Fischer-Tropsch (FT) liquids, as well as to compare production costs. The results show...

more than 80 percent of the china's population is located in the rural areas, 95 percent of which use coal, wood etc for cooking and heating. limited by data availability, the association between household solid fuels and cardiovascular diseases (cvds) in china's rural areas is ignored in prior studies.this cross sectional study was conducted from 2010-2012 and carried out on rural population a...

Renewable biofuels are needed to displace petroleum-derived transport fuels, which contribute to global warming and are of limited availability. Biodiesel and bioethanol are the two potential renewable fuels that have attracted the most attention. As demonstrated here, biodiesel and bioethanol produced from agricultural crops using existing methods cannot sustainably replace fossil-based transp...

Energy is considered the basis for the progress and prosperity of nations and societies. Availability and consumption levels of energy is the best indicator of economic and social development. In many developing countries energy from crop residues (CR) has been the main source of energy, mostly in its traditional forms designed to meet the demands of domestic uses (Hall and Rosillo, 1998). In i...

Biomass derived fuels are preferred as alternative fuels for IC engine due to its abundant availability and renewable nature. In the present work, the complete replacement of diesel fuel with bio-fuels is studied, where the bio-fuels, namely, methyl ester of palm kernel oil and eucalyptus oil were chosen and used as fuel in the form of blends. Various proportions of palm kernel oil and eucalypt...

Depletion of fossil fuels and environmental considerations have led engineers and scientists to anticipate the need to develop a clean, renewable and sustainable energy system. In general, they agree that in such a system hydrogen will be used as an energy carrier. One of the areas in which hydrogen will be replacing fossil fuels is air transportation, an area that has been under research for s...

During 2005 approximately 2,500 MW of wind capacity was added in the United States, which brought installed wind capacity to about 9,150 MW. Although the total wind capacity in the United States is less than in some countries, wind energy has caught the attention of some utilities that depend on natural gas to generate power. There is evidence that wind development will continue at significant ...

This study investigates the use of bioenergy for achieving stringent climate stabilization targets and it analyzes the economic drivers behind the choice of bioenergy technologies. We apply the integrated assessment framework REMIND-MAgPIE to show that bioenergy, particularly if combined with carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a crucial mitigation option with high deployment levels and high te...

Exploitation of fossil fuels such as lignite, brown coal, crude oil and natural gas comes from the oxidation of carbon stored over millions of years in the Earth’s crust; the combustible energy when released in the atmosphere emits carbon dioxide (CO2). Increased concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere causes global warming, because it is a greenhouse gas. Fossil fuels are limited and concentrat...

The consumption pattern of energy in the United States, like that of other resources, is determined by many variables. Principal among these are price and convenience. The price of energy has been and continues to be a complicated function of physical availability, international politics, government price regulation, import controls, technological innovation, and environmental regulation, to na...