Oil and natural gas development in the Bakken shale play of North Dakota has grown substantially since 2008. This study provides a comprehensive overview and analysis of water quantity and management impacts from this development by (1) estimating water demand for hydraulic fracturing in the Bakken from 2008 to 2012; (2) compiling volume estimates for maintenance water, or brine dilution water;...

in this paper, genetic algorithms (gas) are employed to control simultaneous linear systems in both state and output feedback. first, the similarity transformation is applied to obtain parameterized controllers. this requires solution of a system of equations and also some non-linear inequalities. gas are used to solve these equations and inequalities. therefore, the paper presents an analytica...

according to the bronsted definition, any compound which has a hydrogen atom is an acid, since itmay be lost as a proton. a thermodynamical cycle is proposed to calculate absolute pka values forbronsted acids in aqueous solution. the equilibrium of dissociation of a bronsted acid depends onthe interaction of the acid and its conjugate base with solvent molecules. there fore the pka valuedepends...

nowadays nmr spectroscopy becomes a powerful tool in chemistry because of the nmr chemical shifts. hartree–fock theory and the gauge-including atomic orbital (giao) methods are used in the calculation of 29si nmr chemical shifts of various silicate species in the silicate solution as initial components for zeolite synthesis both in gas and solution phase. calculations have been performed at geo...

A fragment of Histidine rich protein II (HRP II 215-236) was investigated by 14N and 17O electric field gradient, EFG, tensor calculations using DFT. This study is intended to explore the differences between 310-helix and α-helix of HRPII both in the gas phase and in solution. To achieve the aims, the 17O and 14N NQR parameters of a fragment of HRPII (215-236) for both structures are calculated...

Gas reservoirs with low permeability (k<0.1 mD) are among the unconventional reservoirs and are commonly termed as "Tight Gas Reservoirs". In conventional gas reservoirs that have high permeability, the flow of gas is basically controlled by the reservoir permeability and it is calculated using the Darcy equation. In these reservoirs, gas flow due to gas diffusion is ignored compared to Dar...

nowadays nmr spectroscopy becomes a powerful tool in chemistry because of the nmr chemical shifts. hartree–fock theory and the gauge-including atomic orbital (giao) methods are used in the calculation of 29si nmr chemical shifts of various silicate species in the silicate solution as initial components for zeolite synthesis both in gas and solution phase. calculations have been performed at geo...

â  abstract: in this work, the kinetics of ethane hydrate formation has been studied experimentally and a kinetic model based on chemical affinity has been described for predicting the hydrate growth process in the stirred batch reactor at a constant volume. the experiments were done with both pure water and aqueous solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds). the effect of sds on formation kineti...