The increasing world population and the level of prosperity have led to an increase in need for transportation. In historical process, speed transportation vehicles has been possible with invention internal combustion engines. Internal engines are heat use different fuels as energy source. While fuel chemical transforms useful work is obtained engine power torque. To torque some innovations mad...

This paper concerns semiparametric regression models with additive nonparametric components and high dimensional parametric components under sparsity assumptions. To achieve simultaneous model selection for both nonparametric and parametric parts, we introduce a penalty that combines the adaptive empirical L2-norms of the nonparametric component functions and the SCAD penalty on the coefficient...

The phase equilibria, engine performance and gas emissions of gasoline-ethanol-water blends with pyridine isobutanol added for increased water tolerance, were investigated. It was observed that addition produced slightly higher ratios ethanol in the stable fuel blend when compared to isobutanol, ratio additive amount. Engine performances combustion characteristics measured a single cylinder, fo...

OBJECTIVE To describe the time trend in atmospheric lead concentrations in Spain, from before lead was banned as a gasoline additive to the present, and to determine the trend in lead body burden in the Spanish child population. METHODS We obtained the annual average for atmospheric lead levels in several Spanish cities from the 1980s to the present. A literature search was conducted to ident...

In the U.S., the regulatory approach to automobile fuel choices has consisted almost exclusively of mandated changes in autos and fuel availability. This contrasts with Europe, where di®erential taxes and fees have been used to encourage the use of unleaded gasoline and diesel fuel. I use data for 48 states from 1980 to 1989 to estimate the e®ect of price di®erences between leaded and unleaded ...

Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) (CAS No. 1634-04-4) is a volatile organic compound used almost exclusively as an oxygenate in unleaded gasoline to improve combustion efficiency. In the past it also had limited use as a therapeutic drug for dissolving cholesterol gallbladder stones. Currently, MTBE is added at 11% by volume to almost all of the gasoline used in California, although on March 2...

Methyl-t-butylether (MTBE) is a synthetic ether that is mainly used as a fuel additive: it replaces lead in gasoline, increasing the anti-knock rating. Next to this it serves as an intermediate in the production of isobutylene and as a process solvent in the pharmaceutical industry. In clinical practice MTBE is used to dissolve gallstones. At room temperature MTBE is a colourless liquid with a ...

Recently the support of biofuel production has been a politically sensitive topic. Politicians have pushed for support for fuel ethanol production as an environmentally friendly alternative to imported oil, as well as a way to boost farm profits and improve rural livelihoods. Several government policies actively promote ethanol production via tax incentives and mandates, and these policies are ...