Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in united States males. Unfortunately, numerous controversies surround clinical management for early stage disease and the utility of population screening. Much of this controversy stems from the lack of knowledge about the biology of prostate cancer, including the lack of clearly defined risk factors, absence of markers indicative of ag...

in order to evaluate genetic diversity among squash landraces from northwest iran by morphological and physiological traits, 18 squash landraces belong to pumpkin, ornamental and confectionary groups were planted in completely randomized block design with three replications in agricultural research center of urmia in 2013. morphological characteristics related of fruit, seed, leave and flower a...

The requirement of varying doses of warfarin for different individuals can be explained by environmental and genetic factors. We evaluated the frequency of vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1) and cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) variants together with patientdemographic characteristics and investigated their association with warfarin dose requirement with the ob...

The rise of molecular techniques in the study of evolutionary histories has resulted in a gradual abandonment of morphological characters as the only sources of phylogenetic inference. However, morphological characters may be valuable for phylogenetic reconstruction, especially for tracking adaptive changes across phylogeographic groups defined by genetic markers. We examined the discriminative...

The criteria for stability of the equilibrium with D=0 are obtained for the two locus model with multiplicative or symmetric fitnesses when the recombination values in males and females are different. It is shown that if r is defined to be equal to the average of the recombination values in males and females, then the criteria are exactly the same as in the standard two locus model.-The equilib...

Population viscosity has been proposed as an important mechanism for the evolution of cooperation. The idea is that if individuals do not disperse far during the course of their lives, they will tend to interact with their genealogical relatives, which may give kin-selected benefits for cooperation. However, in the simplest model of population structure, the evolution of cooperation is unaffect...

In this paper, we propose a genetic algorithm, called GenSPN, for finding highly probable differential characteristics of substitution permutation networks (SPNs). A special fitness function and a heuristic mutation operator have been used to improve the overall performance of the algorithm. We report our results of applying GenSPN for finding highly probable differential characteristics of Ser...