there are many indices for measuring property rights (pr) security. they may be classified into two groups: subjective proxies and objective proxies. most of the proxies are subjective. one contribution of this paper is introducing a new approach for measuring government expenditures devoted to pr protection. calculating physical capital within the introduced new approach is another contributio...

Objectives: Skeletal-muscular disorders affect the biomechanics of the human body, especially the lower extremity, with a negative effect on the biomechanics of exercise. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of fatigue on the kinematic variables of knee joints during countermovement jumps in female students of physical education with valgus knee deformity.  Methods: Fifte...

OBJECTIVE To determine the magnitude of the effects of pectus excavatum deformity on endurance fitness and cardiorespiratory functional reserve in adolescent boys. DESIGN Cross-sectional comparison of cardiac and ventilatory variables at rest and during a maximal cycle exercise test. SETTING Pediatric exercise-testing laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Twelve boys (mean +/- SD age, 14.1 +/- 1.8 yea...

BACKGROUND Body image and HRQL are significant issues for patients with scoliosis due to cosmetic deformity, physical and psychological symptoms, and treatment factors. A selective review of scoliosis literature revealed that self report measures of body image and HRQL share unreliable correlations with radiographic measures and clinician recommendations for surgery. However, current body image...

Since identical twins occur as a result of the division of one egg, they have the same genetic structure. Therefore, their phenotypes and sex are also always the same. However, due to the effect of environmental factors, some of the characteristics of twins living in different regions appear to develop differently. In our case of 17-year-old maternal twins, we emphasized that nasal pathologies ...

The aim of this study was to estimate the burden of childhood rickets-like bone deformity in a rural region of West Africa where rickets has been reported in association with a low calcium intake. A population-based survey of children aged 0.5-17.9 years living in the province of West Kiang, The Gambia was conducted in 2007. 6221 children, 92% of those recorded in a recent census, were screened...

diagnosis of knee osteoarthritis can be confirmed based on clinical and/or radiological features. the potential of a progressive disease can be prevented or decreased by earlier recognition and correction of associated factors. obesity and alignment especially varus malalignment are recognized factors of a progressive disease. both nonpharmalogical as well as pharmacological modalities of treat...

rhinoplasty is one of the most common aesthetic procedures in the world. it is the most common aesthetic surgery procedure in iran. achieving complete patient satisfaction is almost impossible but improving the aesthetics and function of the nose is the aim of surgery. this report describes a 34 years old woman with a large bump in the tip of the nose after three times cosmetic rhinoplasties. t...

RATIONALE Neurofibromatosis type I (NF-I) accounts for approximately 90% of neurofibromatosis. NF-I is an autosomal dominant genetic disease which results from the gene mutation of NF-I situated in chromosome 17q11.2. PATIENT CONCERNS A 32-year-old lady presented with a giant wing like structure on her back which started growing from her childhood. DIAGNOSIS A diagnosis of NF-I was confirme...

Genu recurvatum deformity is rare, usually resulting from injury to the anterior part of the proximal tibial growth plate. However, a small group of cases have no known cause. We describe brothers with the same type of this deformity on the same side. The degree of deformity differed between them, but deformities began at the same age in both (17 years) and progressed over a short period. There...