Gruneberg, 1942; Meyerstein, 1942; Smith, 1944; Harris, Gilding, and Smart, 1951 ; Sabine and Nickolai, 1952) and those open at both ends (Gram and Norgaard, 1923; Van Allen, 1925a and b; Guest, 1938 ; Kato, 1938 and 1940; Miller, 1939 Hamre, 1940; Benditt, Straube, and Humphreys, 1946; Shils, Sass, and Goldwater, 1952). All these tubes suffer from drawbacks either in design or method of use. A...

occupational exposure to elemental mercury vapor usually occurs through inhalation during its utilizations. this leads to a variety of adverse health effects. in some islamic cities, this type of poisoning may occur during gilding of shrines using elemental mercury with gold. herein, we report on three male patients aged 20–53 years, who were diagnosed with occupational metallic mercury poisoni...

In 1839, the daguerreotype photographic process was first presented to the scientific community in France. The technology spread rapidly and was widely used around the globe until roughly 1860. Image formation can be generalized into four steps: 1) exposing silver-plated copper to an iodine plus or minus another halogen vapor(s), 2) further exposing the sensitized plate to visible light within ...

Introduction: Giotto (1266–1337) and his workshop realized c. 1315 the large Crucifix now in the Louvre Museum. The conservation of this masterpiece in 2010–2013 in the C2RMF studios gave the opportunity for a comprehensive investigation of the execution technique through a characterization of the paint layers. The first examinations revealed an original gilding and decoration surrounding the C...